Here our account of the "King and the Professors might close; but history has furnished an epilogue, or rather two, which should be noticed as strikingly confirming the world's ancient faith in a Nemesis. Two remarkable events overtook the Welfic house of Hanover ere the generation had passed away that had witnessed the contumely offered to the country's Alma Mater.

The year 1848 blanched many a royal cheek. The angry roar of revolution, started at Paris, swept whirlwind-like over the continent of Europe, and unstrung the sinews of the proudest monarchs. Barricades carried the day against bayonets. The people demanded, the kings obeyed. Ernestus Augustus, now a tottering old man of 77 years, was caught by that tempest. In Hanover, also, rights too long withheld were reclaimed by the people with angry determination: liberty of the press, trial by jury, extension of suffrage, right of association, responsibility of the ministers. They also insisted on full amnesty for political offenses.* In vain did Ernestus try to gain time by pleading sickness and by vague promises. On the 16th of March a turbulent multitude, headed by intelligent leaders, filled the area before the king's palace, and insisted on unconditional consent to their demands. It was through the mouth of Baron Munchhausen, whose name, of course, suggested cheap pleasantry, that King Ernestus signified his acceptance of the people's programme. And thus ended the king's meddling with constitutional guarantees. Well might he yield. Had his heart been too stubborn, a look upon his only son, the blind Crown-prince George, must have

*In 1831 a protest against the unpopular ministry of Count Munster had been backed by insurrectionary movements in several cities of Hanover. The whole disturbance came to an end in a week's time, no blood being spilled, no property taken or destroyed. The leaders, who were captured, it was concluded to make an example of, and outrageous sentences were imposed by a pliant judiciary. The terms of solitary confinement reached in two cases the duration of life. When Ernestus became king, it was hoped he would grant an amnesty, but he doled out his pardons ungenerously and with restrictions. One of those State prisoners, standing very near to the writer, was actually imprisoned 15 years, and then pardoned with exile. The people did not forget in 1848 the men of 1831, and demanded that they should be reinstated in their former positions. The king complied.

made him anxious to assuage the angry waves before the hand of his blind successor had to grasp the helm.

Gottingen, too, was visited in 1848 with unwonted excitement. Some students who, flushed with enthusiasm and wine, had, on the evening of the 11th of March, lustily cheered for liberty and progress, were brutally assaulted and wounded by the armed police. The united students now demanded reparation of some kind, and when this was not granted, they collected on the 18th at the open square, took there an affectionate farewell from the professors, and, as the town-clock struck twelve, left the city in a body. But the advancing tide of revolution soon effected such a change in the condition of things that they received all the satisfaction they desired, and returned. Nor was this all. On the 20th of March the city and the university united in a petition to the government for the recall of the expelled professors, and, in consequence, two of the victims of 1837, Weber and Ewald, were, some time after, reinstalled in their chairs, which they occupy to the present day.

And now for the second epilogue. Eighteen years had passed since the turbulent times of 1848, when new tempests arose, this time from a different quarter. Austria and Prussia stood arrayed against each other at the dreadful summons of domestic war. George I., the blind son of Ernestus, now king of Hanover, cast his lot with Austria. In June, 1866, Gottingen was thrown into a greater excitement than in 1837 and 1848. Every house was quartered with soldiers, all villages in the neighborhood were turned into military camps. The king, who at the approach of General Falkenstein to Hanover had fled from his capital with his hastily equipped army, arrived in Gottingen on the 17th of June, signalizing his advent with a pathetic proclamation. On the 21st he moved on to effect a junction with the Hessians and Bavarians, while Vogel von Falkenstein, military governor of Hanover, entered and took possession in the name of William, King of Prussia. The Hanoverian army in its south-easterly march met and defeated, on the 27th, a detachment of Prussians. It was a barren victory, or rather one fraught with disaster to the conquerors, for it ended the still open chances for a compromise. The reinforcements, which the Prussians received the next day, sealed the fate of Hanover. The army capitulated to superior

forces; the king fled, never to return to his ancestral dominions. Thus the Welfic dynasty lost the last throne it occupied in Germany, where it once filled history with its renown. The same name which heads the English line of Welfic kings closes the series of rulers in Hanover-George I., now a friendless exile in Hietzing near Vienna. OSWALD SEIDENSTICKER.

SONNET.

When those celestial eyes first turned on mine,
Bearing the message heaven sent through thee,
When, later on, those sweetest lips of thine

Breathed forth thy holy love bestowed on me,
And, mirrored in thy soul so pure and deep,
My sins did of a darker dye appear,

I felt that I, 'mid all my joy, could weep

To see my image near those waters clear.
But, since our souls each unto each have grown,
My happiness I hold without alloy,
Knowing that, worthless save in this alone,
I yet have added to thy life the joy,
To thee and ministering angels giv'n,
Of guiding a poor, erring soul to heaven.

E. C. W.

THE SERVICE OF SONG.

By au

CHURCH-BOOK for the use of Evangelical Lutheran congregations. thority of the General Council of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Philadelphia. Lutheran Book Store, 117 North Sixth st. The same work, with music, arranged for the use of congregations, by Harriet Reynolds Krauth. Published with the recommendation of the General Council. XVI, and 469. 8 vo. Same Publishers.

THE

HE "churchly revival" that has been going on for the last forty years in England and Germany has imparted a very marked impulse to liturgic and hymnologic science, if it may not be said to have created these within the bounds of the Protestant Church. In Germany the abominable falsification of the old Church hymns, against which Herder lifted up his voice in indignant protest, was carried on from the middle of last century at such a rate that at last hardly a single old Lutheran song of

praise was "in print" in the shape in which it came from its author's hands. The simple, straightforward speech in which the Reformers' and later singers had embodied the fact of their personal commumion with God, were superseded in their perversions and in the new hymns of Gellert, Klopstock and their school by terms borrowed from the moralists; they spoke of virtue, not grace, of reform, but not regeneration. A wholesome reaction set in with the German Christian party after the war of Liberation. The old hymn-books were hunted out in the libraries, and their contents made the basis of new collections, while the rhymed harangues of the critical period were allowed to relapse into oblivion. The old church Agenda were made the basis of new liturgic forms. The choral and liturgic music of the great masters from Walther to Sebastian Bach was called out of its silence to be heard again in the churches. Such books as Albert Knapp's Liederschatz, Bunsen's Essay Toward a General Hymn and Prayerbook, and Layritz's Kern des Deutschen Kirchenlieds and Kirchengesangs were signs of a new era. The matter was taken up with German thoroughness and treated by some ideally, i e., with reference to what ought to be the contents of a hymn and prayerbook for the German Church; by others practically, in that they printed works designed to occupy that place; by others historically, as they surveyed the whole field of the past, and reviewed the vast wealth of material which makes the Evangelical Church of Germany the richest of all the Protestant churches in this department.

In England the Oxford movement of 1830-45, which has so mightily affected all English-speaking sects and churches, began its career with two hymn-books, and by the stress that it laid upon public worship gave men's thoughts an impulse in this direc tion. Hence the great revival of public interest and the wide dissemination of knowledge in regard to it. The previous hymn books had for their staple either Tate & Brady or Watts' psalms and hymns, both prosaic affairs, and far inferior to much that lay neglected in the older hymnology, to say nothing of the vigor and fire of Charles Wesley and other poets of the Methodist movement, whose hymns were left in possession of a single sect. The new reform has brought forward to light much that was old and native-Ken, Mason, Wither, etc.; but it has added more that

was new and much that was foreign. It had no such accumulated wealth of the past to fall back upon as the Germans had, and therefore it was, on one side, forced to larger originality than has characterized modern Germany. In spite of such names as Spitta, Ruckert, Knapp, Meinhold, etc., the Evangelical Church places her golden age of hymnology in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The English golden age, in our opinion, began with Heber, Keble, Lyte, Montgomery, Newman, Caswall, and their compeers, and has not yet ceased, nor even culminated.

One evidence of this originality is in the large appropriation and assimilation of foreign material-a saying that is no longer paradoxical, since the critics have set down immense powers of plagiary among the evidences of true genius. Our new hymn writers have ransacked the Greek and Latin singers of the earlier and later Church, and reproduced their masterpieces in vigorous and devout versions. They have even gone into such out of the way regions as Spain, Italy, Russia, Sweden and Denmark, and have not come back empty-handed. But on the richest hymnology of all-that of Germany-they have drawn heavily and most successfully. Not that they were the first English visitors in that quarter. In the era of the Reformation, when the intercourse with Germany was quite close, Coverdale, in England, and the brothers Wedderburn, of Dundee, in Scotland, translated Lutheran hymns in considerable numbers. The versions made by the former were republished some years ago by the Parker Society as original compositions, and Rev. Professor Krauth, of this city, was perhaps the first to point out the mistake. Those that the Wedderburns made in Scotch were widely disseminated, and used by the first Scottish Protestants in that strange collection, The Gude and Godlie Ballads, which has recently been republished, and it is not uninteresting to see how Luther was made to speak "the Doric."

The rise of Moravianism and of Methodism again brought the religious mind of Germany and England into contact, and a very considerable number of translations were published by J. C. Jacobi, in 1722, and others later by John Wesley. These latter were from the hymns of the subjective or pietistic school, which arose about the close of the seventeenth century-not from the old churchly hymns of the period that extended from Luther to Paul