from the Lanark and Ayr coal-fields that most of the iron-ore is obtained.

6. Lead combined with silver is taken from the Lowther Hills, and granite is quarried in the Grampians, especially in the county of Aberdeen.

7. Formerly linen and woollen cloths were made by hand in almost all parts of Scotland, and these home occupations have not quite died out, for in some parts of the Highlands and in the Shetlands the women employ themselves during the long winter evenings in knitting stockings. Since the introduction of machinery the manufacturing industries have been collected into a few centres, chiefly on, or near, the coal-fields.

8. The chief of these manufactures are iron and steel, machinery, steam-engines; and hardware, cotton, linen, and woollen goods; and paper, glass, earthenware, and chemicals. The commercial industry, too, of Scotland is extensive, but it is centred in a few ports. Of the exports in 1879, valued at £15,000,000, more than fourfifths were sent from the ports on the Firths of Clyde, Forth, and Tay. The coast trade is much assisted by the canals which have been constructed through the Vale of Glenmore, from the Clyde to the Forth, and across the neck of the Mull of Cantire.

The

9. The Scotch railways are five in number. Caledonian runs from Carlisle to Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Perth, and provides facilities for the great traffic of the coal-basin of Lanark, and the manufacturing and shipping interests of the towns in the neighbourhood. The North British runs from Carlisle and Berwick, but, more on the east coast to Edinburgh, and the linen towns of Forfarshire. The Glasgow and South-Western supplies the western counties from Carlisle to Glasgow. In the Highlands there are two railways: the Great North of Scotland supplies the north-western counties, and the Highland, which runs from Perth to Inverness, through the centre of the Highlands.

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1. Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, in the county of the same name, is built near the south shore of the Firth of Forth. No city in the world can present a grander or more varied aspect than this grey metropolis of the North. It is built upon and amidst the northern termination of a ridge from the Pentland Hills, and views of the country and the sea may be got from its busiest streets. The highest hill, Castle Rock, is crowned by an ancient castle. Lower down is Holyrood Palace, "that ancient and royal abode of so many stirring memories." Edinburgh is not dependent on any extensive manufactures, and it owes its importance to its university and its schools, and to its being the seat of the Scottish law courts. Its population is about 250,000.

2. Leith, on the Forth, though considered a separate town, is a suburb of Edinburgh, and its seaport. It ranks next to Glasgow in commercial importance, and is indeed the principal port on the east coast.

3. Glasgow, on the Clyde, in Lanarkshire, is the largest city in Scotland, and the second largest in the British Isles. Built on a fine river, and adjacent to a productive coal-field, it is admirably placed to form the centre of a manufacturing and commercial industry. Its manufactures may be said to be the manufactures of Scotland, and it has drawn to itself more than the half of the foreign trade of the whole country. Huge blastfurnaces in the neighbourhood smelt the iron ore for the production of cast-iron. This is converted into wrought-iron and steel for use in the manufacture of iron steam-ships, steam-engines, and machinery of all sorts, and hardware. Glasgow is no less famous for its manufactures of cotton, linen, silk, and mixed goods than for its ship-building; and glass, paper, earthenware, soap, and soda, swell the list of articles produced and

exported from this busy centre. sity and a massive cathedral.

The city has a univer

4. Dundee, on the Forth of Tay, in Forfarshire, is the third seaport and the third largest town of Scotland, and the chief seat of the jute, linen, and hemp manufactures. It imports flax yearly to the value of upwards of £500,000 and 132,000 tons of jute, and employs 60,000 people in textile industries. The town has a large export and import trade, some ship-building is carried on, and marmalade and jams are made in large quantities. Near Dundee was built the famous railway bridge over the Tay, a portion of which was blown down during a storm in 1879, while a train was crossing, and every person in the train perished.

5. Aberdeen, at the mouth of the Dee, in the county of the same name, is sometimes called the " granite city," because its houses are nearly all built of the grey granite quarried in the neighbourhood. The town consists of two parts, the old and the new, separated by the deep valley of the Den Burn. New Aberdeen, close to the left bank of the river, is the busy manufacturing and commercial town. Old Aberdeen derives its importance from its ancient college and cathedral. In Aberdeen and its vicinity there are extensive manufactories of paper, wool, cotton, and combs. Ship-building is carried on to a considerable extent, and granite forms a staple export.

6. Greenock, on the Firth of Clyde, in Renfrewshire, is an important seaport, and the next largest town to Glasgow, on the west coast. Sugar-refining is the prin cipal business of the town; but ship-building—especially iron steam vessels-is carried on to a great extent.

7. Paisley, also in Renfrewshire, is a town of great antiquity, situated about seven miles west of Glasgow. Its manufactures are cotton thread, and woven and printed shawls.

8. The population of these seven towns is about onethird of the total population of Scotland. It amounts to over 1,200,000, of which Glasgow supplies more than the half and Edinburgh less than one-fourth.

LESSON X.

CHIEF TOWNS.-II.

1. Perth, an ancient town on the Tay, has extensive dye-works, and manufactures cotton and jute goods. At Scone Abbey, near Perth, the Scottish kings were crowned.

2. Arbroath is a seaport town on the coast of Fife. Its manufactures are similar to those of Dundee-viz., coarse articles, such as sail-cloth, canvas, and coarse linen. It is a town of some importance as a port.

3. Montrose is another port on the Forfar coast at the mouth of the South Esk, connected with many important events in Scottish history. The town has a considerable shipping trade, and manufactures coarse linen goods.

4. Dunfermline, in Fife, was in early times a seat of government, and a favourite place of residence for the Scottish kings. The remains of the castle and palace are still to be seen. The finest table-linen is made here.

5. Stirling is pleasantly situated on a hill overlooking the Forth. Its castle has interesting historical associations. It withstood for a time a siege by Edward I. of England, and it was to prevent the castle falling into the hands of Robert the Bruce that Edward II. invaded Scotland with a great army, which was, however, defeated at the battle of Bannockburn. This castle was also a favourite residence of the later Scottish kings. Stirling and Bannockburn manufacture woollen goods.

6. Inverness, at the mouth of the Ness, is considered the capital of the Highlands, and is certainly one of the most beautifully situated towns in Scotland. Northward and westward it has excellent water communication in the Moray Firth and Loch Beauly. Landward the scenery exhibits the highest adorning of husbandry and gardening, in close proximity to some of the wildest and most sterile mountains in Europe.

7. Dumfries is a place of ancient date, and still the