affording instances of the development of the -a suffix, whatever be thought of the cause of it. Those who hold that the termination do is due to the Prakrit (and at times also Sanskrit) suffix must explain to us why this, producing â = o, has been so capriciously employed, why, in fact, Skr. 8 "lip," should not have taken a क and become Pr. ओट्ठओ, H. ओंठा, just as much as, according to them, "egg," took and became अण्डक, अण्डत्रो, अण्डा. If, as is asserted, all nouns might and did take this, why do not all nouns of this stem end in the moderns in áo, why do some end in a = u? (1). Barytones.-The Sanskrit words in the following list are all accented on the penultimate; they are all primary stems formed by the addition to the verbal root of one or other of the simple suffixes, such as ,,, and the like: they are all therefore fair cases in point. Skr. ओष्ठ “lip,” Pr. ओट्टं, H. ओठ, P. होंठ, G. होट, ओठ, M. ओंठ, 0. ओठ. Skr. कर्ण “ear,” Pr. कणी, H. कान, P. कन्न, G. M. B. O. कान, S. कनु. Skr. "wood," H., and so in all, but S. Z. Skr. कक्ष “armpit,” Pr. ककतो, H. कांख, P. कच्छ, G. M. B. O. काख, s. at. Skr. क्रोश “kos," H. कोस, P. कोह, the rest कोस, S. कोहु. Skr. क्लेश “trouble,” H. क्लेस, P. कळेस, M. किलेस, किलोस, S. किलेसु. Skr. क्षण “moment,” H. खन, छन, छिन, the rest खण, S. खिण (fem.). Skr. गर्भ " womb,” H. गरभ, गाभ, P. id. and गब्भ, M. G. गाभ, S. गभु, गरभु. Skr. ग्राम “village,” H. गांव, G. गाम, M. गांव, B. O. गां, S. ग्रामु, गांउ. Skr. जाल “net,” H. जाल, so in all, but G. जाऊं, जारु, S. जा . Skr. "tone," H. A, so in all, G. ATT, S. ATJ. Skr. तेल “oil,” H. तेल, so in all, S. तेलु. Skr. दन्त “ tooth,” H. दांत, so in all, P. दंत, S. डंदु. Skr. दिन “ day,” H. दिन, so in all, S. डि. f¶“day,” Skr. देश “country,” H. देस, in the rest देश, S. डेसु. Skr. पाश “noose, " H. पास, फांस, G. and the rest पाश, P. पाह, S. फाही, फासी. Skr. "ploughshare," H., and so in all, but P., S. ITSkr. मार्ग “ road,” H. मग, मांग, in the rest माग, S. मागु. Skr. लोक “ world,” H. लोग (“ people”), in the rest लोक, S. लोकु, लोग. Skr. वंश “ bamboo,” H. बांस, बांश and so in all, S. बांसु. Skr. “banian-tree," H., so in all, M. O., S. IF. Skr. faq "poison," H. fag, B. faq, M. G. id. and fag, P. fag, faa, fag, s. fag and fax. Instances might be multiplied to a large extent, but the above will suffice to show that the rule holds good in a vast majority of instances, Sindhi having uniformly u, the other languages a, though Gujarati now and then retains u. This final short a is not pronounced at all in Hindi, Panjabi, Marathi, or Gujarati, and very slightly in Bengali and Oṛiya. We hear jâl, tân, tel, dânt, and so on, not jâla; words of this class may, for practical purposes, be regarded as ending in consonants, except in M. and G., where it is necessary, as will be shown hereafter, to bear in mind the existence of the final mute a, in order to effect the necessary changes of the base in the oblique cases of the singular. (2). Oxytones. The list which follows comprises, like that which precedes, none but primary stems formed by simple suffixes, as, and the like; but the words which it contains are all accented on the last syllable, and accordingly it will be seen that they all end in the modern languages in â or o. Skr. “egg,” H., P. id., B. NIET, O. id., S. †, M. and G. are exceptions, M. HE, G. LE. Skr. "worm," H., and so in all, G. and S. aitet. Skr. क्षुर् “knife,” H. कुरा, and so in all, G. and S. छुरी. (In all the fem. छुरी is more common.) Skr. चेट " slave,” H. चेडा, चेला, so in all, G. and S. चलो. Skr. चूर्ण “ dust,” H. चूरा (“ powder”), so in all, G. and S. चूरो, M. and B. also चूर. Skr. चूर्ण “ dust,” H. चूना (“ lime”), P. id., M. चुना, चूणा, B. O. चुना, B. also चुन, G. and S. चूनी, चूणो. Skr. दीप " candle,” H. दिपा, O. B. id., P. दी, दिवा, M. दिवा, G. दीवो s. डिओ. Skr. ध्वज “flag,” H. धजा, P. id., G. धजो. Skr. नाल “ stream,” H. नाला, and so in all, G. नाळो, and नाकुं, S. नारो. Skr. फण “snake’s hood, " H. फणा, M. B. O. id., G. फणो, S. फणि (fem.). Skr. वत्स “ young,” H. बचा, बच्चा, and so in all, B. बाच्चा, G. बच्चो, S. बचो . Skr. भल “spear,” H. भाला, P. M. Oid., G. and S. भालो. Skr. श्याल “brother-in-law,” H. साला, P. M. साळा, B. O. शला, G. and S. सालो, G. also साळो. Skr. स्कन्ध “ shoulder, ” H. कांधा, P. कंधा, M. खांदा, 0. B. कांधा, G. s. कांधो. Skr. स्तम्भ " post,” H. खंभा, P. B. O. id. 0. मूषा. Skr. “ mouse,” H. मूसा, P. B. id., The Hindi in this, as in so many other instances, vindicates its right to be considered the leading language of the group, by the fidelity with which it adheres to rule. The other languages are less faithful to the long vowel representing the oxytone, than they are to the short vowel derived from the barytone stems. Marathi especially diverges in this respect, but the divergence is probably due, as will be seen hereafter, to its practice in modifying the final vowel of the stem in the oblique cases. Bopp's rule for stems formed by the addition of simple a is that they carry the accent on the root-syllable in most cases. He excepts, however, a class of abstract stems formed from roots in and, which allow the accent to sink down to the final syllable. They are as follows: Skr. f "destruction,” H., P. §, S. HINI, G. à, M. â. Not used in B. and O. except as Tatsama. Skr. चि चय "heap.” In compounds H. संचै, M. चय, संचय, etc. जय “ victory.” In all जय or जै. Skr. जि Skr. f "smiling." Not in use. Skr. हि हय “ horse. " हय and है in the old poets; often with an additional syllable in Chand. Skr. "buying." In compounds H. fat (fany), B. O. id., P. fast, s. fafart. Skr. G. भय. Skr. “fear,” H. HT, B. O. id., P. Î, S. HT and Hз, M. “abode." In the compounds with T, as below. Skr. देवालय “temple,” H. देवल, P. देवाला, 8. देविली, G. देवळ, M. देऊळ, O. id., B. देवल. Skr. श्वशुरालय “father-in-law's house,” H. सुसराल, M. सासरें. Skr. f "refuge." In the compound Q, H. MATT, P. id., M. आश्रा, B. O. id., G. आसरो, S. आसर, आसिरो. In all these words the inherent weakness of the has led to the corruption of the two syllables of the Skr. into one in such words as âśrá, devâlâ, while in others it has been practically softened into a diphthong in combination with the preceding consonant. It may also be conjectured that though the learned accentuated the last syllable of stems of this small class, the masses did not at any time observe this distinction, but treated 1 Vergl. Accentuationssystem, § 115. them as barytones, and the final vowel has therefore not been preserved. There is also a rule of a somewhat intricate character, which declares that stems of this form, when simple appellatives, which, according to their original meaning, are nouns of agency, bear the accent on the last syllable. Under this head are such words as nada, “river,” or the sounder (root “to sound"). “to float"). “to steal”). kard, "hand," or the maker (root ☎“to do”). It is obvious, however, that nouns of this class may be formed to any extent by a little exercise of the imagination. Every noun in fact formed by the suffixes ach, ghañ, or ap and the like, which merely add a vowel to the root, might be classed as a nomen agentis, and expected to be an oxytone. There is no reason why gárbha, "womb," should not be considered as a noun of the agent, meaning the container (root “to hold”), or kárna, "the ear," as the piercer (root "to pierce"), or risha, "poison," as the pervader, from its action in stealthily creeping into the blood (root faq "to penetrate"); and as a matter of fact the grammarians do so regard them all. The rule appears to be too subtle for general practical use, and the following list of oxytones of this class, mostly formed with, which is said specially to form agents, will show that in a majority of instances the modern languages have not regarded these words as oxytones. Skr. कर “hand,” H. कर, and so in all, S. करु. 66 Skr. नद “river,” H. नद, M. id., perhaps S. नडो “ tube,” but also नडु. Skr. चोर " thief,” H. चोर, and so in all, S. चोर. 1 |