चिलक, चमक, झलक, झमक, दलक, दमक, all mean “ glitter,” “ flashing,” चटक “ crack,” “snap,” झिझक “ start,” झटक “ jerk,” झिडक "wrangling," "quarrelling," "twinge," "harsh sound," "amazement," crunch,” “throb,” “drip,” “ache,” f339 ठुनक “SOB," T, “trembling," "rolling," "wallowing," दहक “glare,” फरक “ flutter,” “twitter,” भडक “ starting,” “flash,” मटक ogle," "bound," "spring," "hanging," "dangling," ai & flash," "“bound,” & “gush," "bursting," "flash,” “glare,” "tapering." लपक Panjabi. Many of the same words as Hindi, as अटक, कडक, खटक, चिलक, चमक, चटक, झटक, झलक, also टणक, ठुणक; and some words of its own, as faza “filth,” “scum," fa “pus," "mucus," “wink,” ing," “jugglery," "hocus-pocus," "crouching," "skulk "fear,” “dread,” “creaking" (of shoes), “fond ness," (f.) Sindhi does not exhibit many words of this form, owing to its invariable rule of making all its words end in a vowel. Examples are “lustre,” (m.) “caprice,” “whim,” and a few others agreeing with Hindi, as, AH, YAH, etc.; but Sindhi, as will be shown hereafter, has another form for words of this class. Marathi has झळक “ glitter,” तडक “hang!” “ crash !” दचक “ shock,” गजक " copiousness,” चटक " liking,” ," "taste for a thing,” “blow," शिक्षक “ twinge," टमक " jingle,” बचक and चबक “ handful,” लबक 66 a dab," or mass of mud," f “a splinter," together with some of those that occur in Hindi. Gujarathi is, like Sindhi, not very partial to this form. Instances are "strut," "swagger," "sob," "shock,” “ blot,” चमक “ glitter, ” झळक and झमक “glitter.” “slur,” Oriya and Bengali have mostly the same words as Hindi, which need not be repeated. From the above lists have been excluded words of similar form, in which the is organic, or a part of the root, as a “staring,” झोक “ shove,” “puff,” टूक “piece,” टोक “ hindrance." But under this head come miscellaneous words like (m.) "square" (in all the languages), which is probably from Skr. चत्वरक. The H. चौंक “ starting,” as in चौंक उठना "to start up" (as a man suddenly aroused from sleep), is, it would seem, contracted from, a shortened form of Sanskrit TH"surprise.' All these words being in form identical with the root of the verb, are most usually employed to form compound verbs with the addition of जाना, लेना, देना, रहना or other semi-auxiliaries, especially in Hindi, as लटक रहा " it remained hanging,” घोडा भडक गया “the horse started (from fear ),” उसको पटक दिया "he dashed it against (the ground)." It is doubtful, therefore, whether in many cases they should not be rather considered as a part of the verb, than as nouns. Sindhi, Gujarati, and Marathi, and to a less extent the other languages too, use also a closely allied form of this suffix, in which the final vowel is long, kd or ko., In many cases both forms exist, as in H. धडक and धडका, G. झटक and झटको. In Sindhi this form is the favourite, and is used almost to the exclusion of the other in. Examples in that language are the following: उडको “ fear,” “ dread,” उबिडको “retching,” उल्को “care,” “anxiety,” arsant "crack," "crash," "thunderpeal," e "rattling,"" pattering," खुडको id., गुडको “ rumbling,” गहको “ rub,” चसको “fondness,” “ taste,” छलको “burst,” “blast,” “gust,” aza id., a “puff,” Tea “boiling," "bubbling," et "trembling," vyat “rumbling," "gurgling," “quivering," "shivering," " rustling," "bubbling." फफको The other languages have also this form. Thus Hindi has कडका as well as कडक, झलका and झलक, धडका and धडक. It is not necessary to give detailed examples, as in popular and VOL. II. 3 vulgar words like these no very strict canon is observed; sometimes one form is used, sometimes the other. In O. and B. the form in is most common. (2). The suffix follows the analogy of. In Tatsamas it retains the, in Tadbhavas the goes out. Here, however, it is not left in the same condition as, because the disappearance of the brings into contact i and o, and later i+â. In the case of aka, the result of the elision of k was a +o and a+â, in both of which cases the short a was easily absorbed by the long vowel; i, however, resists absorption, not being homogeneous with the vowel following. What we really get is a double set of forms, of which one ends in long, the other in हुआ, इयो, or या. Taking first the form in, we are met by the difficulty that more than one Sanskrit termination results in, at least in H. P. B. and O. For instance, there is the form, as in Skr. पानीयं, which is in all पानी or पाणी ; and again, Skr. इन् = ई in स्वामिन्, modern सांईं or सांई, धनिन् = धनी ; as well as Skr. itself. Further, it must be observed that the suffix is in most cases a secondary suffix, so that a notice of it would hardly come in here. The cases I shall now give are chiefly from the Skr. fem., which, as mentioned above, belongs really to the series. The best example of a bonâ-fide primary word of this form is the following: Skr. मौक्तिकं “ pearl,” Pr. मोत्ति, मोती (m.), M. मोतीं (r.). In all the rest मोती (m.). In M. the anuswara is a retention of the neuter form in Prakrit. The following are from feminines in दूका : Skr. मक्षिका “ fly,” H. P. मक्खी, माछी (f.), O. B. माछी, M. माशी, G. ATET, S. AFE. Skr. मृत्तिका “earth,” H. मिट्टी, मट्टी, P. G. id., M. माती, O. B. माटी. 8. मिटी. Skr. कर्कटिका " cucumber,” H. ककडी, and so with slight phonetic variations, but with final ?, in all. Skr. कुचिका “ key,” H. B. कूंजी, P. S. M. कुंजी, G. कुंची, 0. aifa, gifa. Skr. afzal "chalk," H., and so in all, but 0. f. Skr. दाढिका “ beard,” H. G. डाढी, P. दाहडी, S. डाडही, M. दाढी, 0. दाढि, B. दाडी. Skr. चोटिका " rapeseed,” H. तोडी, M. तोंड्या. Here we may introduce a group of Marathi agents and adjectives, which, as derived from Tadbhava verbs, are primary, and appear to have originated from Sanskrit nouns in ika, by rejecting the k and hardening i into y. Such are “a borrower," verb काढणें “ to extract.” In many of these the alternative form in long i is found, as , qut, etc., and in some cases the latter is the only form in use, as "owner of a field" (Skr. f), from field" (Skr.). "a We may now dismiss ika till we come to the secondary formations to which it more properly belongs. ( 3 ). उक is exactly similar to अक and दूक, but its various forms can be traced with greater accuracy, as the vowel is not so easily confounded with other suffixes. (a). The full form uka is retained only in Tatsamas. (8). The k is rejected, together with the vowel which follows it, and the u lengthened in compensation. Words of this class have almost always the sense of the agent, either direct or only very slightly metaphorical. Instances are the following: "to cause to descend," P. id. but in sense of "degraded," M. id. " a passenger." "to cut." "to eat," P. S. M. id., G. T (adjective) "destructive." "to play." — [Skr. YET, H.ч§¶“watch”], P. पहिरू. AT"fighter," "beater,"", "to strike," P. S. id., G. HT पेलू' "wrestler," जागू “ waker,” "to cast metals," P. id. "to sweep," and so in all. In addition to the words noted above, Panjabi has also g “ tearer,” पाडहू “reader,” जाचू “prover,” “trier,” डोबू“dipper,’ 66 1 ņâkû is a rural form of Dakait (dacoit). The word is derived from the verb “to shout,” because the dacoits always shout and call out at the entrance of the village they are about to plunder, whereby all the inhabitants, being terrified, hide in their houses, and the dacoits, who are generally quite as afraid of the villagers as the villagers of them, can plunder the house they select without opposition. |