elision of the a, come the H. P. S. and G. forms. S. often, however, rejects the final, which is lengthened in the other languages to preserve it, and because it is emphatic. M. has merely added the emphatic particle f, with lengthened to and the frequently dropped, to the modern form of the interrogative, so that we have a compound of three parts, को + उण + हि. In Oriya, the final syllable सि appears to be shortened from the demonstrative; so that here, also, there is a triple compound ++, literally "who forsooth is he?" 0. af and B. are allied, and simply add f, which may either be the emphatic particle of Skr., or more probably the was inserted to prevent hiatus after dropping the a of afa (for affa).

Old-Hindi has and oblique, where the or of fa has softened to the labial vowel, and the final short i has been dropped, as is usual in Hindi. The oblique forms fafa or fat show the oblique of the interrogative with the, whose origin has been forgotten, so that it is regarded as a mere emphatic particle. Marathi arises apparently from the fact that â is regarded as the general type of the oblique, and has been added without reflection. In ordinary current speech it is customary to add "one" to this pronoun, so that they say que "of some one;" and the same practice prevails in the nom. pl. of H.; thus oraya some “aliqui, aliquæ." The Oriya ft is a curious instance of how these forms arise: I is the genitive of the interrogative, and by adding the emphatic टू or हि to it we get काहारहि or काहारि, which should be used as a genitive only, so that the oblique would be ; but the genitive form has been extended to all the cases, and they now say काहारि कु “ to some one,” काहारि ठा "from some one," and so on.

The plurals of this pronoun are seldom used in most of the languages, and in B. and O. there are no plurals at all, the singular doing duty for them.

The neuter form "something" is expressed as follows:

Old-H. कद्दू, Modern-H. कुछ; oblique, Old H. काहू, Mod. H. किसू, but the oblique form is rarely used colloquially.

H. P. O. and B. have a common origin from the Skr. faifan, the final of which is dropped in Prakrit faf. The archaic and poetical H. seems to point back to a form in which the enclitic fe had been affixed to a neuter, instead of किं, thus making कच्चित्; from कछू, the u has leapt backward into the first syllable, making the modern . The change कुछ. from to is hardly to be accounted for by absorption of the anuswâra, and must remain unexplained. The three western languages, S. G. and M., do not seem to have any connexion with fafa; but the last two use oblique forms of the mas culine indefinite, and the first merely a lengthened form of fa with loss of the anuswâra.

§ 73. The reciprocal or reflexive pronoun "self" is in most of the languages a derivative of the Skr. T "soul, self." As a substantive it means "self," and as an adjective "own." The former is

H. आप्, P. आप्, s. पाण, G. आप M. आपण, 0. आपे, आपण, B. आपनि.

The principle of phonetic change which lies at the root of these modern forms was indicated in Vol. I. p. 330. The process began in Prakrit, as we have अप्पा, आपा, side by side

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with, etc. This latter form has not been adopted by the moderns.

Hindi, followed by P. and G., uses the simple nominative, rejecting one of the two consonants, and lengthening the preceding vowel in accordance with the regular practice in the treatment of the nexus. B., as in fa, efa, fafa, etc., has made for itself a nom. singular out of a plural form. The other languages retain a final or, which rests on the Pr. form अप्पाण (Var. v. 45), which by his next following sûtra Vararuchi extends to all other Sanskrit nouns in न्, as युवन् = जुबाण, etc. Sindhi adheres most closely to the Prakrit, merely rejecting the first syllable; but the other languages, while they retain the initial, lengthen it to, and shorten the second syllable. I am disposed to think that this alteration of quantity is only apparent, and that the forms ч, etc., are really derived from the oblique cases of the Pr. singular, as instrumental अप्पणा, gen. अप्पणी. It is observable in the modern Romance languages that where the type of the oblique differs from that of the nom., the modern language adopts the former for all cases; thus we see in Italian monte, where the Latin nom. is mons, and the t occurs only in the oblique cases. The latter being used five times to the one of the nominative, naturally acquires the predominance in the vulgar usage.

आप is declined with the usual case affixes का, को, etc., in Hindi, when used as an honorific substitute for the pronoun of the second person, so also in P. and the other languages; but it has a special genitive used adjectivally and with a possessive sense, meaning "my, thy, his own," according to the person in which it is used. This therefore becomes almost a separate pronoun, and has the following forms:

H. अपना m., अपनी f., अपने obl. sing., अपनों obl. pl. (raro आपना, etc.).
P. आपणा, °णी, ॰णे, णी.

s. पांहँ जो, जी, etc.

G. ut, ut, nf, etc. आपणो, 'णी,

M. आपला, 'ली, लें, etc.

0. आपणार् (rare, निजर is usual).

B. आपन्.

or

These forms are derived from the Prakrit genitive, which is , and the endings for gender and case seem to have been necessitated by the use of the word as an adjective. Hindi goes a step further, and uses the oblique form, just as though it were the regular oblique of an adjective using अपने को, more frequently अपने तई = seipsum ; अपने में and अपने पर may also be heard in conversation, as in the phrases ̃Â Âì सोचा “he thought thus in himself, " आपने पर काम लिया "he took the business on himself,” अपनों से परामर्ष करो “ take counsel with your own (friends)." These forms, though common in the eastern Hindi area, might perhaps be set down as ungrammatical by authorities on the language, these gentry being apt to be capricious and fastidious, and prone to brand as wrong any phrases which they do not use themselves.

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There is also a curious word allied to this stem, and used in H. P. and O. always with the affix of the locative, as H. Ma À, O. My “among our-, your-, them-selves,” as आपस में बांटो Haiì “divide it among yourselves." No origin for this form can be found in any of the Prakrits, nor can the form itself be considered as a locative apart from the caseaffix. It is the case-affix which contains the locative idea, and when we remember that is from "in the midst," we shall see that the complement of the idea involved in the whole phrase is a genitive "in the midst of selves." I therefore hazard the conjecture that this form is like दूस, उस, जिस, and the rest, a genitive irregularly formed from a vulgar Prakrit which would postulate a Skr. e. Now though no such form exists, or ever did exist, yet we have seen in the case of the noun, that the varied inflections of the numerous Sanskrit

nominal bases have all been rejected, and the declension of the a-stem taken by the moderns as the type of all nouns; it would not therefore be at all out of keeping with analogy, but rather much in keeping with it, for the modern languages to have in this instance also taken no heed of the peculiar forms of the declension of, but to have treated it like an ordinary noun of the a-stem, and made a genitive in, as in all the parallel cases. In my own mind there is not the shadow of a doubt that this is really what has happened, and this form may be set down as one more illustration of the admitted fact that a type in common use is often extended to all classes, superseding entirely the minor types, and securing simplicity and uniformity in the place of a multitude of divergent forms.

§ 74. Although the pronouns, other than personal, above enumerated, are all, to a certain extent, adjectival, yet in several of the languages they have lost those variations for gender which mark the true adjective; H., for instance, is used both with masc. and fem. nouns, only in M. and S. are they treated as adjectives with separate gender forms. There are, however, certain pronouns which are adjectival in all the languages, and exhibit in their initial letters the types of all the above classes. They express quantity and quality, considered demonstratively, interrogatively, relatively, and so on. As a type of them, the interrogative is here given, the whole series being exhibited in full in a future section.