be

§ 70. The correlative is based on the Skr.: and is the same as the pronoun of the third person mentioned in § 67. Many of the forms were given in that section, and all the others may made on the model of by substituting for. Nothing further need be said about it, as it is precisely homogeneous to the relative.

M.,

with

Occasionally an emphatic form of these two pronouns is used formed in H. by adding ही or हि, as सोही, जोही, but in Sindhi only is added. It will be observed that, of all the languages, S. and M. alone treat these two pronouns as pure adjectives, and give them the distinctions of gender. S. a m., ☎ ƒ., but in pl. only for both genders. its customary redundance of forms, has all three genders for the nominatives of both numbers, but in the oblique singular only m. and f., and in the oblique plural only one form for all three genders.

§ 71. The interrogative pronoun is just as uniform as all the others: the only difference is, that forms which, though they exist in the other pronouns, are in them kept rather in the background, here come to the fore, and displace in common speech the forms which correspond to those more frequently used in the others. Thus, in the relative and correlative, and are in Hindi the commoner, and the rarer forms; but in the interrogative, is the ordinary form in modern use, while is archaic, poetic and dialectic. The neuter, also, has a form of its own, whose origin ascends to a different Sanskrit word from . The type of the interrogative is everywhere को. , just as is of the relative. The table of forms is given, because, although exactly corresponding to that of the relative, yet the exhibition of the whole set helps the eye to make the comparison, and brings out more clearly the symmetry of the pronominal forms, which is a striking and beautiful feature of this group of languages.

Sindhi has

only in the neuter; its plural nom. is not used; and in commoner use both in Sindhi and Panjabi is the form S. केरु m., केर.., P. केहडा . ० . /., obl. केहडे, which is from Skr. कीदृश, Pr. केरिसो and later केरिहो, which in S. merely drops the ; while in P. the + have been moulded into, and then again split into +3. Old-Hindi preserves the symmetry by using nom. a, obl. fafe, as

को किहि वंसहि ऊपज्यौ ॥

"Who (am I), from what race sprung?"—i. 147.

पुनः

Here, again, comes in the Skr. gen. कस्य, Pr. कस्स, as in the relative. Gujarati has singularly introduced a hiatus, writing कओ instead of को; this seems to have arisen from a form कहो, which will be explained hereafter. The forms with : added are here more widely used than in the other pronouns, perhaps because of the somewhat greater emphasis involved in asking a question. In all languages “who?” more often stands alone, almost like an interjection, than any other pronoun, and thus the Pr. उण, which has sunk into an enclitic, would be more frequently used with the interrogative.

The neuter stands alone in all but a few exceptional instances, and is as follows:

Old-H. कहा, oblique काहे. Modern H. क्या, obl. काहे and किस; and the same in the plural.

P. की, किआ, obl. कास, काह.

s. कोड.

M. e, obl. FT, HT, pl. the same, but obl. I, with the usual anunâsika of plurals.

0. कण, कि. In Balasore किस (kisū).

B. fai, faa.

The origin of all these forms is to be sought for in the Skr. fa, an old neuter. B. किसे, H. किस, P. कास, refer back to the genitive, which in Pr. is कस्स, sometimes also कीस H. कहा is apparently a conflation of the oblique forms g., abl. ắng, loc. af, and the ordinary modern form, from supplying the hiatus of a form by instead of, as in Gujarati. Prakrit has also an oblique, whence Sindhi by softening of â to e; from its retaining the â in the first syllable the Hindi oblique exhibits a form which postulates a Prakrit

काहहि.

the

used

in the leading Aryan But it is important to

Gujarati has an unique interrogative m., f., n., only approach to which in the rest of the group is S. T छा, only as a neuter. Vans Taylor (p. 73) refers us back to the acknowledged alliance between and languages, as in Skr., Greek Kúwv. observe that these greater phonetic laws work only in the sphere of the larger groups of the Indo-European family: within the limits of any one particular group, their working, if it exists at all, is very feeble and restricted. It is beyond a doubt that Sanskrit exhibits words containing which are weaker forms of an older word with, the stronger form of which has been preserved by the cognate languages. But when once the parent language of the Indian group has preserved and stereotyped a form in, it is not found that its descendants modify this

into ; an initial stands firm for the most part, at least a change from it into T would be of too radical and wide a nature for the modern Indian languages, which do not deal in those vast organic changes which were at work in the infancy of the world. We must rather look for the origin of this form by the light of changes of such a nature as are prevalent within the restricted limits of our group, instead of hunting up all possible modifications in every country and age to which the Aryan speech has penetrated. If we can with difficulty find a single dubious instance of the change from to, so frequent in Sanskrit, among its descendants, we should hardly be justified in going further back still to search for a change, which is in point of time prior to Sanskrit itself.

The origin of is to be found in the earlier forma, a neuter signifying "what," from which have been constructed a masculine and feminine and t, which are also used as an indefinite pronoun, and, as will be seen presently, the only form in use for the oblique plural of the indefinite is . This form would lead us back to Pr. कारिसो, Skr. कीदृश, from which, as we have seen above, Sindhi and Panjabi draw their interrogative. f becomes in H., and in Old-Hindi the forms are and, the latter produced by elision of the short i. With this last-named form our Old-Gujarati is identical, for is not in this language necessarily the palatal sibilant, but rather the distinction between it and having been obliterated, and only one sibilant sound remaining, the letter used to express that sound is sometimes, and sometimes T, according to the habit or caprice of the scribe; so that we might here also compare the oblique in M. T or T, instead of treating it as from a Skr. gen., Pr., which would not account for the final long â. Sindhi is probably also of like origin,

being

often interchanged with in all the modern languages; or might also have lost the a of its first syllable, and become, whence the transition to is in accordance with the usual law,

It is more probable, however, that both in S. and G. there has been loss of initial, as it is not in harmony with the general phonetic laws of this group to suppose the creation of from

at so late a date as we must assume, to bring it posterior

in point of time to the tenth-century 81.

It may here also be noticed in passing that the derivation of the forms कौन, जौन, etc., from को जन, जो जन, suggested by Taylor, is erroneous. These forms are written in the earlier stages of Hindi 7 and 7, where the labial vowel and semivowel are indicative of the of :. The compound phrase is not a conjecture, but is constantly found in

Prakrit (Lassen, § 32).

§ 72. The indefinite pronoun deviates from the homogeneous type of the other pronouns, and this deviation is explained by its origin. The forms may be given first, and analyzed afterwards. The typical letter is, as in the interrogative; and the neuter, as in that pronoun, stands apart from the masculine and feminine. The word now given means

any one."

These forms arise from the compound Skr. कोऽपि (को अपि) ; the enclitic particle fu in Prakrit slides into composition with the pronoun, and is written in one word fa, from which, by

काहा