distance. The former in all Aryan languages has the type the latter or. Thus in English, "this" and "these" have the palatal vowel, as contrasted with "that" and "those," which have the guttural and labial vowels. It would be foreign to our present purpose to make any remarks on the evidences of the universal distribution of these two types throughout the range of the Indo-Germanic family; but it may be observed that it is not confined to that family, but is found more or less in all the languages now classed as Turanian; and if we are to admit the fundamental unity of these two groups, this uniformity in so elementary and radical a part of speech is highly significant. Thus in all the Dravidian languages i is the near, and a the far demonstrative, while u holds a middle place between the two,as in Tamil idu, "hoc," adu, "id;" Telugu idi and adi; Canarese idu, adu; Malayalam ita, ata.1 So also

Tamil ivan "hic," avan "ille,"
Telugu, indu "hic," vandu "ille,"

ival" hæc," aval "illa."

idi "hæc," adi "illa."

To return to our own special subject. The seven languages exhibit the following range of forms :—

1 Caldwell, Dravidian Comp. Gr., p. 333; Campbell, Telugu Gr., p. 77.

Marathi and Oriya use the correlative, which is also the pronoun of the third person, M., O., instead of the far demonstrative.

In Sanskrit, the primitive type is overlaid by accretions, which render it somewhat difficult to identify (Bopp, § 360). The form which this pronoun has assumed in classical Sanskrit is अयं m., इयं./., इदं n. ; and in Vedic Sanskrit there is a form

neuter, which, however, is used merely as an emphatic particle. Scenic Prakrit has nom. m., ., n., and an oblique base, also qu (Lassen, p. 326; Weber's Hala, p. 55). The ordinary Apabhranśa of the plays has, and in the songs in the fourth act of the Vikramorvasî are found loc. pl. इमेसुं (Skr. एषु); से “of her” (Skr. अस्या); दुरारूढ़ो अ से प्पणओ "and excessive is her affection;" , abl. sing. "than it" (Skr. a), and other similar forms. But it is perhaps useless to seek for the origin of the modern forms in any written works. They have their origin in all probability in a much lower stratum of popular speech than ever found its way into writing before the time of Chand, whose forms may therefore in this, as in so many other instances, be taken as the furthest point to which researches can at present be pushed back.

The types of the demonstrative in the Prithirâj Rasau are the

besides variations caused by the metrical necessities of the poem, and having no value as organic forms.

मोहि रह आगम बुझझे ॥

“To me this scripture is clear.”—iii. 28, 2.

Both the nom. pl. of the far and the emphatic singular of the near demonstrative are shown in the lines

वे वाहे तरवारि ॥ इहे मुष पक्करि सु कट्टे ॥

"They ply their swords, he catching them in his mouth bites them."

किहि काज तुम इह धम्म लीन ॥

"For what cause

—i. 254, 5.

have you taken up this religion?”—i. 172, 6.

यांहि सम्पूरन को थिर काजं ॥

"To complete this is a work firmly resolved on."-i. 87, 6.

Shortened to and oblique in sense:

इहि विधि आनल बत उचारिय ॥

"In this fashion Anal uttered (his) speech."-i. 155.

The ordinary modern form of the oblique, as in H., like the oblique of all these pronouns, appears to lead back clearly to the Skr. gen. अस्य, Pr. अस्स; and the forms इह, इहा, etc., with the older forms in हि, as मोहि, तोहि, ताहि, याहि, वाहि,

show the ordinary oblique of the noun, produced by a general fusion of all the oblique cases of the old inflectional system; while the plural oblique in arises from the Skr. genitive Pr.. Sindhi, however, has its singular oblique in, and thus differs from all the other languages. This seems to derive its origin from the Apabhranśa forms of the singular oblique ह्ण and mentioned above.

In practice, no distinction is observed between these two forms of the demonstrative and that of the third person, the demonstratives having to a great extent usurped the place of the latter, and being freely used to signify "he."

To trace the steps by which the various languages have arrived at each of the slight modifications of the general type by which they are distinguished, is a task impossible in the present stage of the inquiry. Much might, doubtless, be accounted for by the phonetic tendencies of each language, but this would not be sufficient to explain the whole. In the absence of a continuous chain of literary monuments which could be trusted to reflect faithfully the actually current speech of their respective periods, it is beyond the power of any scholar, however laborious, to work out all the steps of the problem. Experience has taught us that in India literature is never a faithful reflector of popular speech; and all that can now be done is to point out that one uniform type underlies the whole range of forms in the whole seven languages, and that this type can be traced back to the earliest stage of Aryan speech; while, at the same time, nothing more than the general type, the two leading ideas of i for the near, a and u for the far, demonstrative, can be with certainty identified.

§ 69. The relative pronoun meaning "he or she who," "that which," and requiring a correlative or answering word in the second clause of the sentence, is indicated in Sanskrit

by the type, which in Prakrit, followed by the modern languages, becomes. The scheme in the seven languages is this:

Marathi जोm., जी./., जं”. ज्या m., जि./. जे., ज्या./., जीं”. ज्यां.

n.

Hindi has also जौन, Pr. जो उण, which is, like तौन, produced by the incorporation of g:. From this source, also, springs O.

, in Old-Oṛiya sometimes written, where the guttural nasal is the first step in the weakening of ¶ to anunâsika. The relative portion of this compound word takes in O., as it does also when uncompounded in O. B. and G., the Magadhi nom. sing. form, which makes it identical in form with the nom. pl. The oblique forms in all the languages are from the genitive sing. Skr., Pr. H, with weakening of the vowel, and Skr. gen. pl. (instead of the classical Skr. ui, which has not been preserved), Pr. . Old-Hindi has its oblique singular faf, which is more modern in type than the Modern-H. f; this latter, however, was probably in use contemporaneously with faf, as we have in Chand forms SITE. The plural in Chand takes an emphatic addition, and is fa; but this seems to be restricted to the instrumental. Bengali takes this plural in the shape of ff, and makes it into an honorific singular nominative.

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and