meaning "in the front;" those in u and o ablatives from अग्रात्, meaning “ from the front; " अग्रात् becomes Pr. अग्गादु, ; and the long â is in Hindi entirely omitted, and in S. and P. softened to i; while Oriya adds its own locative and ablative case-affixes and .

Similarly, for the corresponding word "behind," the Old-Skr. adjective (vedic) supplies its locative (not used in classical Skr.) and its ablative . The words in use areH. पाछे, पोछे and पाहू.

The nexus

regularly becomes, and then, with a preceding long vowel. H. presents an anomalous long i, for which it is difficult to account. My theory is, that the same process has taken place as in f (Vol. I. p. 307), where the nexus is sundered, and the passes into, producing faga; thus would become , or, owing to the tendency to insert i after h between two short vowels (Vol. I. p. 138), ufa, and thus at, which, from imitation of the kindred word ч, has been written with. The Sindhi has entirely dropped the nexus, and substituted a labial vowel, which is very anomalous. In every case it will be seen that the terminations are respectively locative, meaning "in the rear," and ablative, meaning "from the rear."

A third series, meaning "below," is afforded by the same two cases of the Skr. adj. "low."

This series is not so extensively used as the others, as there are
two competitors for this meaning: , which is the favourite
word in B. and O.; and, which has the preference in P.
"below," "from below," "along the under side of;"
G."below;" S.“below," "from below." re-
quires no explanation, being a simple Skr. locative, one of those
strong plain words which is not susceptible of any phonetic
change. is a curious word, and has undergone considerable
change. Its origin is Skr., which, in Pali and Prakrit,
becomes, by rejection of the initial a, solution of into,
and change of the second a to a short è. Although, a
ě.
common Skr. adverb, is generally quoted as the origin of this
word, yet it would be more in consonance with the regular
course of phonetic change to look to a form : the last
element of which would be the root (8T), to stand.

The

P. and S. are, however, regular ablatives; and G. is the regular locative, just as the other above quoted words. (Weber, Hâla, pp. 42, 202.)

Skr. uf "upon," gives H., and so in all. With loss of initial u, it yields a long string of words, which have arrived at the position of case-affixes, being joined directly to the oblique form; these are, H. पर, परि, पै “on;" S. परि, G. पर, 0. परे, B. . With further softening of into a, it becomes in M. वर्, and is closely attached to the noun, being written as one word with it; and so also in Gujarati: not even taking the oblique form of the noun, but the simple stem, as the house," "on a tree.".

“on

Skr. स्थाने gives H. ताईं and तईं, which, from having originally meant "in the place," has grown gradually into an affix meaning "up to," and even simply a sign of the objective को; so you may say उस को मारो or उस तई मारो “beat him.” S. has also ताई and तोईं, P. ताईं.

=

From Skr. संमुख, Pr. संमुहं and समुहं, are derived H. साम्हने, साम्हू, समुहे, सोहें, and सोंहीं; S. साम्हों, साम्हणो, and साम्हुणे

H

P.साहमणेand साहमणिओं; G. सहामुं, सहामां, सहामे. The M. समोर, used like the rest in the sense of coram, in front of, face to face, is rather a modern compound from modern materials, स “ with,” and मोहरा “ front,” a recent diminutive from मुख. To this group may also be attached the Oriya, meaning originally "in front of," then "in the presence of (a king)," and so, ultimately, as a substantive, meaning the court or audience-hall of a king or great man, in which sense it takes the locative sign रे, as राजार् छामुरे निवेदन कला, “he supplicated the king," literally "in the audience of the king." The Hindi writers spell their word in a dozen different ways; but from the terminations of H., as well as the other languages, it is clear, that here also we have the two Skr. cases locative and ablative, as in most of the other postpositions.

Skr. पार्श्वे and पार्श्व " near,” H. पास, P. पास and पाह “near,” पासों and पाहों “ from near,” S. पासे, G. पासे, M. पासीं, पासून. Here, again, the locative and ablative.

There are innumerable other postpositions in use in all the languages: they will be found in the dictionary. The point to be observed is the prevalence of forms derived from the Skr. locative and ablative cases, necessitating the placing of the noun to which they are attached in the oblique genitive, or, to speak more clearly, in that form of the genitive affix which it takes when governed by a noun in the singular oblique.

The structure of the modern noun is thus strikingly homogeneous in all the seven languages, as well as in those cognate dialects which have not yet been thoroughly investigated; and which, owing to the insufficiency of trustworthy data for them, it has been found necessary to exclude from the present inquiry. They have all a stem in four forms-the nominatives of the singular and plural, and two obliques for the two numbers. There are also here and there traces, faint and slight, but still quite unmistakeable, of the older synthetical system of the Aryan languages. These traces consist of abraded case-endings,

occasionally removed from the stem, and used as postpositions. Some confusion has crept in-as was natural among generations which had lost the sentiment of synthetical construction-between the various cases, and a form proper to one case has passed over to another, or been extended to all. To supply the distinctness of meaning which the mutilated case-endings no longer afforded, case-affixes, themselves for the most part shortened and simplified remnants of old adjectives, nouns, and participles, have been called in; but though this principle has been introduced into all the languages, the precise words so adopted vary in each case, every language having forms of its own not used by the others. The close relationship of the whole, however, is more fully established by this practice than it would have been had all the languages been in the habit of using precisely the same affixes. Uniformity of principle is a far deeper lying bond and token of esoteric unity than mere surface similarity of individual words: the latter might have been borrowed; the former, being an inborn mental instinct, could not.

The same remark holds good of the still further development of the noun's capabilities of expression, as shown in the postpositions which do not form cases, but are merely attached to the oblique noun. In these there runs throughout the same principle, though its exemplifications are different. The more we penetrate into the secrets of the structure of these languages, the more do they show themselves to be closely allied by the deepest and most fundamental ties,-the same blood runs in the veins of all, and the same fertile Aryan mind has found expression in their rich and varied formations for its activity, wealth of resource, and πολυμήχανος ἐνέργεια.

CHAPTER IV.

THE PRONOUN.

CONTENTS.-§ 63. PRONOUN OF THE FIRST PERSON SINGULAR.-§ 64. PLURAL OF THE SAME.—§ 65. THE SECOND PERSON SINGULAR AND PLURAL.-§ 66. GENITIVE OF THE TWO FIRST PERSONS.-§ 67. PRONOUN OF THE THIRD PERSON. 68. THE DEMONSTRATIVE.-$ 69. THE RELATIVE.-§ 70. The CORRELATIVE. § 71. THE INTERROGATIVE. -§ 72. THE INDEFINITE.-§ 73. THE RECIPROCAL.—§ 74. ADJECTIVAL PRONOUNS.-§ 75. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES IN SINDHI. § 76. GENERAL SCHEME OF THE PRONOUNS AND PRONOMINAL ADVERBS.-§ 77. MISCELLANEOUS PRONOUNS.-§ 78. GIPSY PRONOUNS.—§§ 79. 80. CONCLUDING REMARKS.

§ 63. THE Personal Pronouns in all the seven languages are singularly homogeneous in type, and their analysis is rendered comparatively easy by the fidelity with which they have preserved the Prakrit forms. In this respect they stand in contrast to the nouns which have so widely departed from the ancient models. The first and second persons run parallel to one another, and have four fundamental forms, namely the nominatives and the obliques in both numbers. The genitive is a possessive pronoun, and, as in the noun, adjectival in form. It will be treated separately.