In this particular, popular usage seems to have extended to all three affixes a plural which was originally appropriate only to one; and the use of in the singular is parallel to that of the ablative form, which, as shown in § 51, has been extended to the singular from being originally plural only: for must be taken to be originally a plural also. The form is a synthetical relic, being merely a lengthening of the Prakrit f, Sanskr. f (Lassen, p. 310); t is more correctly written, and is, I think, another instance of the connexion between the instrumental and the dative. Such a word as देवाशीं, or देवासीं, "by a god," would correctly be divided + (for ₹†), and not+. Hoernle has shown (J. A. S. B. vol. xlii. p. 61) that the form, used as a dative in Marathi poetry, has similarly been treated as though it were देवा + साठीं, which is erroneous, as there is no such word as 13. The word should be divided देवास + आठीं; the latter word being a Prakrit form of "on account of." In these two cases we have a construction exactly parallel to that of above, where the affixes are only in the third degree of cohesion, and are attached to the genitive of the noun: for, as explained above, § 52, Tata, though now used as a dative, is really q = Skr. देवस्य. Lastly, for the confusion still existing between the two cases may be cited the curious construction still common in Panjabi in such phrases as उस नै आउणा सा = "he was to have come,' literally "by or to him to come it was"="illi veniendum erat," or "ab illo veniendum erat," where we may call a dative or an instrumental, as we please. Native grammarians call it the latter. The above considerations leave no doubt in my own mind of the truth of the theory that the forms of the instrumental caseaffix now in use are originally datives which have been transferred to the instrumental. Other similar cases of the affixes of one case having passed over to another will be met with as we go through the remaining affixes. § 58. THE ABLATIVE.-The terminations of this case in Sindhi and Marathi have already been shown to be remains of old synthetic case-endings. Marathi has no other method of expressing the sense of "from;" but it, like all the other languages, uses the oblique form of the noun, together with a long string of affixes, or rather postpositions, to express meanings which it has been customary with grammarians roughly to class together under the head of ablative. Strictly speaking, however, the ablative is that case which expresses procession from, or, as it is called by Sanskrit grammarians, i; and I shall here therefore only notice those affixes which convey the meaning "from." These are― form Panjabi Sindhi Gujarati Bengali has no form for the ablative, but uses a postposition , which has been explained above, § 51. The origin of the appears to be the Skr. adverbial ablative ☎, as in "from the village," in Pr. at, where the o has been softened through â to e. In Chand it is often written, as— ता के कुल तें उप्पनौ ॥ "From his race sprung."-i. 164. तुम कहो कर जीव तें बध ॥ "Say ye (and) I make him slain from life."-i. 178. (i.e. give the word and I kill him). I think the anuswâra here is merely an inorganic addition, as it so frequently is. Concerning the origin of , there is much obscurity. No scholar, as far as I know, has as yet thrown any light on it. The most probable supposition is, that it is of the VOL. II. 18 same origin as a, but with the particle f added, so that would stand for, the vowel being lengthened. This appears to be Vans Taylor's idea (Gujarati Grammar, p. 64); but he seems also to think the form may have arisen from a fusion of the two forms of the Prakrit ablative in,, and fe, which is possible, but not probable, as is too old a form, having passed into and before the period of the origin of Gujarati. For the Sindhi , etc., Trumpp offers no satisfactory account, merely remarking that it is allied to the objective sign (a), but with the termination of the ablative,, etc., added. More will be said on this point when considering the postpositions. The Oriya appears in this form in the earliest documents we possess, and a fuller form is common in modern times. It will not, I think, be contested that we have here the Prakrit ablative in; so that the forms would be Skr., Pr. ठाणादु, ठाणडु, ठार. The Hindi affix, usually applied to the ablative in modern writings, does not really mean "from," but "with," and comes under the head of postpositions; but as it is now used as a caseaffix, that is, with the oblique form of the noun, and not, as pure postpositions are, attached to the genitive or other case,it will be better to consider it here. is softened from an older form, still used constantly in the rustic dialects of Hindi, and this leads us back to the full form, which is the Sanskrit adverb "with." Chand uses it after verbs of speaking, just as is used in Modern-Hindi कहे दूत प्रिथिराज सम ॥ "Quoth the messenger to Prithirâj."-xii. 16. "Quoth the wife to the husband."-i. 7. in which latter instance it precedes the noun to which it belongs. Sindhi has forms, and; Gujarati or, used in poetry in the general sense of "with," though in some grammars erroneously called a locative, probably also belongs to this group; and in Old-Hindi we meet with an intermediate form AI, to which correspond the Sindhi forms ry and ay. In Oldमाणु Bengali we meet with, which, however, is probably for, the form used in the modern language. Thus Chandi Dâs (A.D. 1460) has यमुनार कुले कदम्बेर मूले मिलिल श्यामेर सने ॥ - Pad. 1307, 26. "On the banks of Yamunâ, beneath the Kadamba tree, she met with Shyâma." and Kâsi Dâs (Mahâbhârat 415, b. 6) : कार सने बने युद्ध करे तिन जने ॥ "With whom in the forest fight the three men?" Tulsi Dâs uses in his Ramayan frequently तेहि सन याज्ञवलक्य पुनि पावा ॥ "With him Yajnavalkya afterwards found (it)."-Bâla-kând. 14. मैं पुनि निज गुरु सन सुनि ॥ "I afterwards having heard it with my own guru.”—ib. त्रिजटा सन बोली कर जारी ॥ "She spake with Trijatâ, clasping her hands together." -Sundar-kând. 300. $59. THE GENITIVE.-In all the seven languages, and in most of the subordinate dialects, the system that prevails for this case is to add to the oblique form particles which vary their terminations so as to agree with the governing noun. In other words, the genitive case-affix is adjectival, and agrees with the governing noun just as an adjective would, so that, as has been frequently remarked, the construction is not that of the Latin patris equus, but that of paternus equus. Bengali and Oriya having lost all gender and all means of marking the oblique form, have also rejected as useless the adjectival form of the genitive; but it will be shown that the affixes which they use are closely allied to those used in some of the other languages. The forms are as follows: The first five languages inflect this form. Thus Hindi has के, की ; Panjabi दा, दे, दो, दिनां; and so with the others. Bengali and Oriya remain unchanged; and omitting them for the present, it will be seen that the principle of making the genitive case of the noun into an adjective runs through all the other five. It also prevails in the allied dialects. Thus Marwari has,, etc.; Mewari ; the Konkani dialect of Marathi लो, ली, लें, etc., as well as चो, ची, चें; Kashmiri संद, संदि, संज, etc. The genitive is the most difficult of all the cases to account for; and, as there has lately been considerable discussion about it between high authorities, one cannot but approach the knotty subject with some trepidation, taking as our starting-point the modern Hindi forms,,. When the governing noun is masc. singular nominative, the genitive takes the affix, A "the horse of the father." The affix is used when the governing noun is feminine, no matter what be its number or case, as a "the mare of the father;" When the governing बाप की घोडीयां “ the father's mares.” noun is masculine, but not in the nominative singular, is used, as a “he beat the father's horse." Hindi has only these three forms, and the reason of this is, that its adjective is not inflected any more than this (see § 56). It may next be noticed that there is evidence to show that a letter has dropped out of all these forms. 1 Cunha-Rivarà, Grammatica da lingua Concani (Goa, 1859), p. 38. |