Similar is the treatment of "holder," in

Skr. सूत्रधार “ carpenter," Pr. सुत्तहारी (?), H. सुतार, G. id., B. 0. छुतार (सुतार), M. सुतार, with dim. सुतारडा, S. सूटहडु;

Skr. स्कंधधार “palanqueen-bearer, ” Pr. कंधहारो (?) or कंहहारी, H. , M. id.;

-where the aspirated letter has been changed to and ultimately elided. Further illustrations are―

H.“scented oil," from "sediment of an oil mill," and

Marathi has numerous compounds indicating various kinds of prepared, scented, or medicinal waters, the last element of which is "water," changed into at: thus

Of compounds which would be classed as Karmadhâraya by Sanskrit grammarians, many have been preserved from Sanskrit, but the modern languages have created some out of their own stock. Trumpp gives the following from Sindhi :

"a glutton,"

घणघुरो " well-wisher,”

वड़ा “ great,” खाऊ “eater.”

घणो “ much,” घुर (s.f.) “ wish.”

But others which he adduces, as “a merchant," from

"a great man," and "the other world,"

परलोकु

are Sanskrit, and are in use in all the languages.

The following instances of modern Karmadhârayas are from

Hindi:

“big-bellied,”

भलमानुस “ polite,”

"long-legged,"

अधकपाली “hemiplegia,” "half-ripe,"

आधा “ half,”,, कपाल " skull.”

TET "half," कचा "raw. "

"a hare" (lit. long-eared),, "long,"
","long,",

"ear."

The adjective in Hindi typically ending in â, an adjectival termination has been added to the nouns which form the last member of these compounds, in all cases in which the compound itself is used adjectivally; and the first member of the compound, if it contains a long vowel, has that vowel euphonically shortened.

Marathi is very rich in compounds, almost more so than any other language of the group. A few instances of Karmadhârayas are here given :

काळमांजर “ a pole-cat,” from काळा " black,” मांजर " cat.” तांबडमाती "red earth,” तांबडा "red,” माती “ earth.”

In Gujarati, as far as I can judge from the works available for consultation, the practice of making compounds out of modern elements is not carried to so great an extent as in some of the other languages. Instances are:

भलमनसाद् “ politeness,” from भला "good,” मानुस “man.” मोटुमाणस "a grandee," मोटो “great,” माणस "man.”

Dvigu compounds, namely those in which the first element is a numeral, are exceedingly common in Hindi, and almost

equally so in the other languages; thus with "two," as the initial element, sometimes shortened to:

H. fast "a necklace of three threads."

H. तिपौलिया “a building with three doors,” from पौल “a door.”

With चार “ four,” which becomes in composition चौ, i.e. चउ from, with dropping of a, according to rule, and elision

of final:

All the compound numerals are Dvigus, as will be noticed presently. It is not necessary to give illustrations from the other languages, as they are formed in precisely the same way

as in Hindi.

Dwandwa compounds, strictly speaking, do not exist. The Dwandwas of Sanskrit consisted of two nouns or more compounded together into one word, the latter of which took the terminations of the dual noun of the a-stem, or that of the plural, according to the number of things expressed in the

VOL. II.

compound. But as the modern languages no longer possess the inflexional terminations of the old synthetical languages, it is clear that no Dwandwas in the Sanskrit sense can exist. There are abundant alliterations where two or more words are put close together, and only the last word takes the case-affixes: thus one may say, get "on elephants and horses;" हाथी घोडों पर but these are hardly compounds. The same remark applies to the very numerous cases where a second word is added to the first so as to jingle with it, such second word being for the most part quite meaningless, as in S. "talk," where has no meaning; such are, H. “near," where आस is meaningless; उलटा पुलटा “ upside down,” and many others.

Bahuvrîhis are easily formed in all the languages by giving an adjectival termination to any of the foregoing classes of compounds, and in fact several of the examples given above are Bahuvrîhis. Further illustrations are unnecessary.

§ 26. Numerals.-The cardinal numbers up to ten inclusive are simple adjectives, some of which are declinable, others not; from eleven up to ninety-nine they are, as was stated in the last section, compounds to a certain extent of the Dvigu character. Each numeral, though a strong family likeness runs through them all, stands on its own basis, and is derived directly from Prakrit, through the operation of the phonetic laws of its own language, and it will therefore be necessary to examine each one separately and in detail.

ONE.—Skr. एक, Pr. एक्क, H. एक, P. इक, S. हिकु, हेकु, एक, fefact, Efact (Sindhi is never contented with one form); G. एक, usually written ओक; M. एक, येक, O. B. एक; Gipsy yek. It is indeclinable in H. and P., but may take case-affixes when standing alone; the two Sindhi forms in are diminutives, and that language has put on an in front, the reason for which is not apparent. B. pronounces it very short and harsh,

something like yack, rhyming with the English words pack, stack. The is long in all the other languages except P. and S., and the double of Prakrit has therefore been reduced to a single. Old-H. has constantly and .

Two.—Skr. base व and द्वि, Pr. दो, H. दो, P. दो, M. दोन, 0. B., Gipsy dui; but S., G. a. Here S. and G. stand apart from the others, they having, as pointed out in Vol. I. p. 331, assimilated the to the , and thus made, out of which S. gets its peculiar sound; S. appears to have taken the base, and G. the base f. H. and P. have probably also taken the base, and resolved the semivowel into its vowel, thus getting दुअ, whence दो; the forms दोय, दोई, दूइ, and

are, however, found in the earlier poets. M. contains the type of the neuter plural; this is unknown in Skr., and has probably been extended to this numeral from M. ata "three."

THREE-Skr. base fa, nom. pl. neut. f, whence Pr. तिणि, and Gipsy trin, H. तीन, P. तिंन, G. तण, M. तीन, 0. fafa, B. fan. All these are neuter plurals by origin, and from this, as observed above, M. has apparently imitated its

:.

"two." P. has also a commonly used form, which agrees with S., as far as the subjoined and vowel are concerned; but S. has changed into Z, under the influence of the following: both these forms lead back to the Skr. masc. If it be asked why two languages out of the group should adopt the masculine, while the others take the neuter, it might be answered, that S. and P. (especially S.) are often more archaic in their forms than the other languages, and that H. has probably not deliberately adopted the neuter plural; but as three is the first numeral that has a distinctly plural meaning-one and two being respectively singular and dual in the parent speechH. has indicated the idea of plurality by adding the sign which indicates plurality in the noun, where, as it will be seen here