which, however, may be a compound from 8+. Hindi has a string of feminines in, indicating generally action, in some of which we can get the idea of possession, by treating them as adjectives compounded with a fem. substantive.

Thus “patrimony," "paternal inheritance," is explainable as a “wealth possessed by, or belonging to, a father," where, however, the idea of possession is rendered passive, as we could not translate it "possessing a father," though this would be more in accordance with the original meaning. We must not be surprised at inversions of this sort in a popular and unreasoning language. Thus, for instance, the Latin suffix -bilis, which originally meant "able to do," is now generally used in the passive sense of "able to be done," amabilis, aimable, amiable, do not now mean "able to love," but "able to be loved," "that which may be loved;" and in the numerous hybrid words which we have formed by adding -able to Teutonic roots, the same rule prevails: thus we say, for instance, eatable, drinkable, meaning "that which may be eaten or drunk," not "that which can eat and drink." The monstrous modern word reliable, which is creeping into our language in spite of protest, can have no meaning at all. A reliable statement means literally "a statement that can be relied," which is nonsense; we say a statement that can be relied on," so that the word, if allowed to exist at all, should be "relionable"!

The majority of these feminines cannot well, by any inversion or supplying additional meanings, be invested with a possessive sense. They refer mostly to accounts and business, and we may supply a substantive कथा or बात. Thus

“giving security for one," ", "to cause to trust,” P. id.,

G. मनोती.

चुकौती " closing an account,” from चुकाना “ to settle,” “wind-up,”

भरौती

"payment in full,"

P. id.

", "full," "complete."

Others, again, are general in meaning, and have no reference to the primitive idea of possession, as

हरौती “ the beginning of the ploughing season,” from हल “ plough” (also हरसोत).

चुनौती “ act of encouraging troops,” from चुनना “ to array.”

हिनौती

fetat “supplication" (probably only a vulgar corruption of Skr. विनयवती प्रार्थना “ modest prayer").

as

auitat “flesh,” “meat" (derivation uncertain), P. M. id., G. MT. छुडौती “ ransom,” from छुडाना “to ransom.”

Panjabi has also a fair number of words of this kind, mostly identical with Hindi. G. uses principally and, as in मनोती, quoted above, समजुती “ explanation.” M. writes वती, चुकवती, corresponding to H. चुकौती, or ऊत, as समजूत, H. stat. In B. and O. the practice of pronouncing a as o has led to the confusion of words of this form with those formed by the suffix ti. In Hindi also it is a fair presumption that many of the words just quoted may be ascribed to the suffix fa, the of which is lengthened, as in the cases quoted in § 12. Thus words which have added to the root direct, are from the simple root, while those in which the is preceded by, are from the causal root, whose old form ended in áu; thus बुझौती would be for बुझाउ + ति, from बुझाउना, the older 13+fa, form of the causal.

Here comes in more confusion. In H. and P., and occasionally in the other languages also, are found words which we are tempted to affiliate to this suffix, but which are written with z. It is probable that these words should have, and the use of is due partly to ignorance, and partly to their having

been confounded with words of the form, already discussed in § 16 (3). Some are found in P. with both

as in the following list:

H. सच “ true,” सचौटी “ truthfulness.”

H. हाथ “ hand,” हथौटी “ dexterity,” P. id.

H. हरना “to grasp,” हरौटी “ staff.”

and,

H. In “horn,” fa “a burnisher made of horn,” P. id., “a small.

horn."

P.सिखया “teaching” (Skr. शिक्षा) सिखौती and सिखौटी “ instruction.” P. सिद्ध " upright,” सिद्धौट " uprightness" (also सिधौती).

Under this head, and to be distinctly referred to the suffix by elision of the a, and occasional lengthening of the preceding vowel, are to be classed the following Sindhi words: भरी “load,” भर्यतु “ a porter.”

पोर्थ्यो “ labour,” (Skr. पौरुष्यं) पोर्ह्यतु “ labourer.”
डिअणी “ debt,” डिअण्यातु “ debtor.”

With characteristic change of a to z, occur several words which may with great probability be ascribed to this suffix, though Trumpp would refer them, judging apparently chiefly by their sense, to the stem in through the Pr. form . Such are

छोकरु “ boy,” छोकिरादु “ boyhood” (quasi Skr. शावकरवत् कालं).

This is the only instance he gives among secondary forms. When treating of primary forms, he deduces this stem from the Skr. affix, as noted in § 16 (2). From my own notes I take the following:

ay “shoulder,” uz “a bullock's collar" (quasi Skr. Muaz ami "machine for the shoulder").

§ 21. Closely allied to the preceding is the Sanskrit suffix , which is divided into two, being added to nouns of

place to indicate attributives, as a "belonging to the दक्षिणात्य

South,” and ч added to indeclinables to form words implying production, as “produced there.”

The use of these two forms has been very widely extended in the modern languages under the form, which arises naturally from (see Vol. I. p. 327). I shall show reasons in a future. chapter for believing this suffix to be the origin of the Marathi genitive in चा, ची, चें. At present I confine myself to the stems which it forms, merely observing that these stems are more frequent in, if not entirely confined to, Sindhi and Marathi, -a circumstance which adds confirmation to the theory of the genitive, by showing that the use of this suffix was familiar to the natives of those two provinces.

In Sindhi the suffix is preceded by i or e; the former is used where the stem is a feminine in short i, in which the long i of Sanskrit has been shortened in the primary stem, because it stands at the end of the word, but preserves its full length when the suffix is added. Thus

Skr. वेष्टी “inclosure,” S. वेहि “ thicket,” “ jungle,” वेड़हीचो “belonging to the jungle.”

Added to masculines in o or u it takes e, the old oblique form, as

s. गोठु “ village,” गोठेचो “belonging to the same village.”

8.

"quarter,"

"of the same quarter (of a town)."

s. पारि " opposite,” पारेचो “ from the other side.”

Substantives are also formed in this way, as

"salted

food," "pickle," from "salt." I can hardly venture so far as to say that this stem is not found in the other languages at all; for I think I have seen isolated instances in P. and G.: but I may safely say that it does not in any, except Marathi and Sindhi, attain to anything like general use. In those two languages it vindicates its claim to be considered as a descendant of stems in, both from the phonetic consideration, and from the fidelity with which it retains the meaning of possession, combined most frequently with that of place. I cannot accept Dr. Trumpp's theory, which would connect this stem with the Skr. ika through a change of k to ch.

Ika is one of the great k group, of which so much was said under the primary stems, and which must be again introduced here, because it is extensively worked to form secondary stems. We have already seen what ika becomes as a primary among the rest, and shall not be led to suspect it of changing to ch. In Vol. I. p. 269, it was shown that this organic change, though there are traces of it in Skr. and Pr., is not by any means a characteristic feature of the modern languages, and the few instances in which it does occur are those of initials.

To come to the group in ka, which need not, however, detain us long, as in the discussion of its use in primary stems, the method of its application was explained. Of aka as a distinctly secondary form little trace, if any, exists,-that is to say, we cannot point to a class of words being either abstract nouns, possessives, or appellatives, which are evidently formed from other nouns. Of ika, in Marathi, forming nouns in, and of its connected forms in the other languages, notice was taken in § 18 (1), y, to which I have only to add some cases in which the is retained, as in Sindhi

वापारिको "mercantile,” from वापारु “ trade.”