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STONE CROSSES,in DEVON, WILTS, & CORNWALL

Gent. Ma.y. Frh. 1803. Pill pazi

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As feveral of your correfpondents have occcafionally enquired about STONE CROSSES, I herewith fend you (Plate II) light, but I believe correet Sketches of three, which are refpectively fituated in Devonshire, Wiltshire, and Cornwall.

No. 1. confifts of a block of granite, which has been cut into an octagon fhape, and fixed in a large bafe, reprefenting the Calvary crofs of heraldry. This is in the village of Alphington, about one mile Welt of Exeter, on the fide of the road leading from that city to Plymouth.

The archetype of No. 2 is ftill ftanding in the town of Cricklade, co. Wilts, and difplays fome tafte and fculpture in its construction; for we 1 obferve a fingular difference between this, and thofe of No. 1 and 3, the latter being merely fquared with a little chiffeling; and No. 1, though more worked upon, is not ornamented. That at Cricklade is materially different in fhape, character, and fituation, and was most probably appropriated to a different purpofe; No. 1 being by the read fide, and No. 3 in the midst of open, dreary moors, far from human habitation or religious building; but this is in the middle of a fireet, and the fhaft with a bate elevated on five fteps. The fhaft, tapering upwards, fupports an ornamented capital on corbel heads, with niches, columns, crockets, pediments; &c. The original of No. 3 is fixed on the " wide wafte" of Caraton down, co. Cornwall, and confifts of one block, with a rounded head bearing the couped crofs. It may be worthy of remark, that this folitary pillar, evidently a Chriftian monument, is fituated near a Druidical temple called the Hurlers. Croffes of this fhape abound in Cornwall; alfo many others of different forms. Indeed, I found one in Burian church-yard, and another in the church-yard of Callington, bearing rude fculptures of the Crucifixion; and others with four holes perforated near the top, and fome with various ornaments on the shafts t.

Wam of leifare prevents me at prefent from entering into farther particulars, or offering fome remarks on the claflification and arrangement of ftone crofies, fingle upright tiones, market

See "Beauties of England and Wales," vol. II. p. 287. + lb. p. 494. GENT. MAG. February, 1868.

croffes, preaching croffes, weeping crofles, croffes of memorial, &c. ; nor perhaps would it be prudent for me now, as I propofe to do it in the third volume of 66 The Beauties of Wiltfhire," which I am occafionally employed in writing and arranging.

Ás fome of your readers may with farther information on this fubject, allow me to refer them to the thirteenth volume of the Archeologia, where they will find a curious, ingenious, and interefting differtation on Stone Croffes, &c. by the worthy and learned Thomas Aftle, efq. keeper of the records in the Tower of London.

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Having given a little information, permit me to folicit a little in return; for I am confident there are many of your readers who are willing and capable of contributing much knowledge to the prefent flock of Literary Antiquity, if they were acquainted with a proper channel, and could communicate with confidence. In the third volume of the Beauties of Wiltshire, which will compleat that work, I hope to convince you, Mr. Urban, and my readers, that I have not been idle fince the first portion appeared, nor mifapplied my eyes, ears, and underflanding. And I also hope that I have profited by the advice and remarks of every ju dicious critick. In this volume I pofe to give a circumftantial hiftory of the abbeys of MALMSBURY and LAYCOCK, accompanied with fome particulars tending to elucidate the hiftory and characteristics of Saxon, Norman, and English architecture. On this head I fhall have frequent occafion of referring to your valuable Antiquarian Magazine, where the zealous and fcientific oppofer of Architectural Innovation has depofited fo much valuable knowledge concerning our ecclefiaftical antiquities. Strange to fay, that a great portion of mankind, and indeed many topographical writers are confufed, or totally ignorant of this fubject, which is certainly the most curious, interefting, and important, of all Englifh Antiquities; for we have no other where fo much tafie, talent, and time were employed, as in conftructing our magnificent cathedrals.

Another fubject which has occupied much of my attention and enquiry is DRUIDISM; which carries the retrofpeclive mind to days of yore," and at once excites our attonidiment and

curiofity.

curiofity. AVEBURY was probably the grand national temple (I muft ute this term for the prefent) of the bards, druids, &c.; and when I deferibe the place and its remains, it feems, requifite that 1 fhould endeavour to concentrate the moft material, probable, and true information on the fubject. This I will attempt, and will promife to do it with deliberate caution, and free from fyftematic partiality. I know the magical delufions of this myfterious fubject; and, having feen others enchanted into the regions of fancy, and playing with felf-created theories, I hope to guard against thofe quickfands on which other adventurers have been impelled. A Stukeley, a Borlafe, and a Rowland, made it their common hobby, their every-day back; but I have many nags to mount, confequently fhall not fuller one to carry me fo far and fo long as to run reflive on the courfe of credibility, and acquire a controuling power. On thefe heads then, Mr. Urban, Ifhall be glad to receive any hints, remarks, or defcriptions, from your correfpondents; or concerning the towns of Trowbridge, Melkfham, Baflet, Caftle Coombe, Wootton Highworth, Swindon, Cricklade, &c. be communicated or Whatever may entrusted to me, fhall be thankfully ac knowledged, and punctually returned, J. BRITTON. by yours, &c. 18, Wilderness Row, Gofwell-fir. One word to your correfpon"The dent J. C. who has referred to Beauties of Wiltshire," in p. 1014 of your last volume. I beg leave to inform this brave and dauntlets champion of antient Architecture, that Mr. Malcolm did not mention that work in the preceding number, but "The Beauties of England and Wales ;" where the view of St. Catharine's chapel is correctly engraved from a drawing made on the foot by Mr. E. Dayes; and that the part alluded to is correctly copied from the original, I can affert from having minutely examined it, and every other part of that fingular ftructure, in September 1802. J. B.

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firongly impregnated with camomile
and magnetia, adding a table-spoonful
of citron Narbonne honey. Repeat
this three or four times a day, it will
The
effectually carry off the diforder.
fame ingredients, prepared in a diet-
drink, have a furprizing effect on weak
debilitated conftitutions, even when in-
capable of taking either food or exer-
A CONVALESCENT.
cile.

Mr. URBAN, July 13, 1802.
AVING occafion to pafs a month
HA
at Dover, which at all times,
from its being the key to the Continent,
is a fcene of much bufile, and more
particularly at prefent, by the general
difcharge of men from the navy, over-
flows with failors out of employ; yet
inflead of thofe fcenes of drunkennefs,
prophane fwearing, and riot, fo dif-
graceful to other fea-port towns, I was
moft agreeably furprifed at the orderly
good conduct of the fea-faring people
here in general. This ftruck me more
particularly laft week, during the poll
for their members of Parliament;
which, though it lafted four days, and
eagerly engaged the attention of the
freemen voters, as well as the whole
body of the inhabitants, for the difie-
rent candidates, yet fill there was no
rioting or quarrels in the ftreets or ale-
houfes, either by day or night.

The good effects of this general orderly conduct of the inhabitants of Dover, appear in their general com

fort.

Habits of induftry give them an early tafie for domeftic happiness in the married ftate, and the honeft earnings of their labour give them the power of indulging it. They are ge nerally bleft with a numerous offspring of fine healthy children, who are all comfortably cloathed and well fed. The confequence is that, for its fize, the population of Dover exceeds every other place, being computed to contain above 14,000 inhabitants.

If you think thefe few curfory obfervations thrown out by the writer from the belt motives of exciting other communities to follow a good example; or that this tribute of praife from an obfcure individual may be agreeable to the induftrious, virtuous inhabitants of Dover; by giving them to the publick, you will share with me in the pleature of aiming at least to do good.

R. B.

SIR,

SIR,

To A R▬▬▬▬, Esq.

25 Jan. 1795.

AS you have been pleated to fignify your pleature in having a chronological

account of my progrefs in learning, I take the freedom in prefenting you with the accompanying historical and chronological journal of my life, together with notes to the terms therein mentioned.

What I have stated in ny journal is nothing but a feries of hints relative to the feveral degrees of my annual advancement in education, and alfo the feveral performances that have been done by me. It is the fuperftitious opinion of fome Indians, that the epoch of their birth is not to be revealed to another; yet I have fet forth my natal day plainly in the journal, having nothing to conceal from you, who are my patrón, as well as Dr. Anderson. Tam, &c.

TEROOVERCAUDOO MOOTIAH.

Journal of the Life of TEROOVERCAUDOO MOOTIAH.
EPOCH of my nativity, the 22d of Auvanii, the year Vefhoo, that is,

1761, Sept. 2. 1766.

1772.

1774.

1775.

1776.

1777.

1779.

1780.

1782.

5th current. I was put under the tuition of a Brämhănă, a tutor, by name Sălchmănă Eyăr, who taught me to read and write the Săuferită, Malabars and Gentoo languages, efpecially the first two.

Oct. 7; 11th near the beginning. I was initiated in the Perfian lan guage under a Muflulman named Abdul Hakeem Saheb.

13th current. I was educated by a Mărăttä Bramhana, of the name of Sankara Rauv, in the rudiments of the Maratta language.

13th current, towards the end.—I finished all my fcholaftic readings in the foregoing five languages.

Sept. 13; 14 near the beginning.I received my education in Câuvĭă, Nătăcas, Alăncără, &c. of the Sanferita language, from two eminent poets of the Bramhanaceel tribe, by name Emba Eyangari and RajavaAcharyar; fo that in a fhort time I became able to compofe verfes in that language.

15th current-I was inftructed by one Vădăugănădă Păndărăm, a most learned man of the fame Caft to which I belong, in the acromatic part of Tamil learning; that is to fay, in the mot excellent and copious grammar of the Tamil language, intituled, Tolcappeam', and in other books dependent on it, viz. Carikym, Nannool", Elackanavelackum°, &c. and allo in poetical works, fuch as Teroovalloovar, Chintamaneys, Peria Pooranam, Negendoo, Tevakaram', &c. &c.

Nov. 4; 16th, near beginning.—I was fill acquiring skill in compofing profe and verfes in the high and poetical Tamil.

10th current.-I began to learn Veyakarana and Tarka Saftra" under two learned Brahmanas, named Ramafire and Coopoorama Safire.

18th current. I received my education in Siddautoo Againa* from Vataranga Safire, a diftinguished Bramhana theologift.

Oct. 12; 20th, near the beginning.-I was recommended to the miffionary the Rev. Philip Fabricius, with whom I read an English book, called "The Preceptor," treating of morals, geography, chronology, &c. &c. 20th, near the end.-I began to study the elements of the Latin language under Mr. Walter; but in a fhort time he departed this life.

N. B. So my worthy father Teroovercadoo-Ramalinga Modeliar has, at the expence of a valt deal of money, caufed me to be educated in the aforeftated manner, and has alfo furnished me with an abundance of Sanferita and Malabar books, and alfo with a number of English authors, of which I have a library.

I continued to amufe myfelf with perufing the Sanferita and Malabar authors, fuch as Etchufa, Poorana2, &c.; and alfo English books, such

* There is a verfe in the Sanfcrita, enjoining that a man should keep nine things fecret; viz. his age, wealth, family matters, fecret incantation, phyfick, enjoyment (of women), charity, honour, and difgrace: but, according to the judicious interpretation of this verfe, the epoch of one's nativity is not to be declared to a foe or a conjuror, for he would avail himself of it in his diabolical arts. The faid vei fes are not, therefore, applicable to the present cale of a patron and a client,

as

1793.

1794..

1794.

as the Old and New Teftament, William Ward's large English Grammar, Chambers's and Johnfon's Dictionaries, &c.

N. B. In the interim, a proud monk of my tribe wrote a treatise, in the moft fublime tyle of the poetical Tamil, against the myfterious commentary upon a facred author of that religion, to which I and other na tives of my clafs, and alfo the worshiping Bramhanas of Seva's temples throughout this peninfula do belong; which treatife he having fent to me on the 10th October, 1784, I was obliged to write my answer in refutation of it in the fame poetical ftyle of the Tamil; yet the faid monk having out of malice drawn up fomething in reply to my aufwer, which was brought to me 13th Sept. 1791, which I again refuted by ftating my reafors in fuch an extenfive manner as to fill about 100 palmar leaves, and thereby fhewed abfurdities in every fentence written by the monk.

March 3; 32d current.-In order to gain the good opinion of Dr. Anderfon (a gentleman pofleffed of philanthropy and public fpirit), I made an accurate and literal tranflation into the Malabar language of three pamphlets published by him on the progrefs and eftablishment for the culture of filk, &c. &c. tending to the public welfare.

May 20; 33d current.-I tranflated the modern hiftory of Madura (written in the vulgar fiyle of the Malabar language) into English, to fatisfy the curiofity of an English gentleman of abilities and wisdom.

July 25; 33d, near the end.—I translated verbatim into English the Sanferita Almanac of the Indians for the prefent year Anăndă, at the defire of Dr. Andrew Berry, a gentleman of great worth and learning; and this tranflation of the Almanac Mr. G-, an eminent aftronomer, having perused, was pleased to declare his approbation of.

N. B. I am now aged 33 years, 4 months, 22 days, and have hitherto been married to three wives, two of whom are dead; yet I am full amufing myfelf with the books of my library, as God Almighty has not yet been pleased to recommend me to fuch an employment as is fuited to me. TEROOVERCADOO MOOTIAH.

Notes to the Terms which have occurred in the foregoing Journal.

• Brâmhǎnǎ ought to be fo written and pronounced, according to the etymology of the Sănfcrittă language: as Bramin or Braminy is the European corruption of the word.

b Sanfcritta is faid to be the language of angels, and it is therefore.styled Gēĕrvănă, or Dévavâněy. Here it is obfervable that the Western writers, according to the vicious pronunciation of the Northern Bramhanas, pronounce and write Sh inftead of S, as Shanferit, instead of Sanferitta, and B intlead of V, as Beckramagit instead of Vekramarka. They likewife mistake the Devanagara character for the Sanferitta one. For, the character which is written both here and in the Southern countries, under the vulgar denomination of Grandha, and in which all the Sanfcritta books which I have are written, is the real character of the language; bit that which the Mùntricăs or the Indian Magicians are permitted to write their charms in is called Deve Nagara. See Gănăpătă Věgia and Vâtöölă Devanagara, from the name of the antient metropolis of the Maratta kingdom, where that character was invented for the fake of mystery, and therefore it has no language peculiar to it. See Bhargava, Poorana, and Lĭpĕy Rătnakără. Hence Devanagara properly implies the Talfmanical character.

Malabar is a corruption of the word Maliar, which implies the language of the people of the hills, that is, the inhabitants of Travancore, or Malialams, known by the name of Malabar Coaft; but this word Malabar has, by analogy, been applied to all the Tamil people.

4 Gentoo is the Portugeze corruption of the Italian word Junto; that is, a kind of men combined together in a fecret bufinels; or of the Fortugueze word Gent, i. e. a class of people. But this word has been metaphorically applied to the clafs of people now known by the name Gentoos. The Gentoo and Malabar languages are metaphorically called the daughters of the Sanferitta, the mother-tongue of all the Eastern languages. e Maratta is a corruption of the Sanferita word Mähărăstră, which literally fignifies the great kingdom.

f Cavey ǎ fignifics books of figurative poems, fuch as Ragoovamfa, Mankna, Pishadha, &c. Nâutäkǎ denotes books of comedy, dramatic poems, &c. fuch as Sakoontada, Moorapurey, &c. h Alankara imports books of rhetorick, fuch as Chandraloka, Coovalayananda, Pralaparvodreya. i Eyanyar

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