for allowing a drawback of the duties of customs upon the exportation from this kingdom, of coffee and cocoanuts of the produce of the said colonies or plantations; for discontinuing the drawbacks payable on China earthenware exported to America; and for more 5 effectually preventing the clandestine running of goods in the said colonies and plantations."

That it may be proper to repeal an act made in the fourteenth year of the reign of his present Majesty, entitled, "An act to discontinue, in such manner and for such time as are therein menIo tioned, the landing and discharging, lading or shipping, of goods, wares and merchandise, at the town and within the harbor of Boston, in the province of Massachusetts Bay, in North America."

That it may be proper to repeal an act made in the fourteenth year of the reign of his present Majesty, entitled, "An act for the 15 impartial administration of justice in the cases of persons questioned for any acts done by them in the execution of the law, or for the suppression of riots and tumults, in the province of Massachusetts Bay, in New England.'

That it may be proper to repeal an act made in the fourteenth 20 year of the reign of his present Majesty, entitled, "An act for the better regulating the government of the province of the Massachusetts Bay, in New England."

That it may be proper to explain and amend an act made in the thirty-fifth year of the reign of King Henry the Eighth, entitled, 25 "An act for the trial of treasons committed out of the king's dominions."

That from the time when the general assembly, or general court, of any colony or plantation in North America shall have appointed by act of assembly duly confirmed, a settled salary to the offices 30 of the chief justice and other judges of the superior court, it may

be proper that the said chief justice and other judges of the superior courts of such colony shall hold his and their office and offices during their good behavior, and shall not be removed therefrom but when the said removal shall be adjudged by his Majesty in 35 council, upon a hearing on complaint from the general assembly,

or on a complaint from the governor or council or the house of representatives, severally, of the colony in which the said chief justice and other judges have exercised the said offices.

That it may be proper to regulate the courts of admiralty or vice-admiralty authorized by the fifteenth chapter of the fourth of George the Third, in such a manner as to make the same more commodious to those who sue or are sued in the said courts; and to provide for the more decent maintenance of the judges of the

same.

NOTES

References to passages in Burke's other writings are to the twelve-volume edition of the Works (abbreviation W.), Little, Brown & Company, Boston, 1894; and to the four volumes of the Correspondence (C.), Rivington, London, 1844. Both sets of books, especially the first, are desirable for the reference library of any school where Burke is studied. References to Dodsley's Annual Register are marked A. R.; those to the Parliamentary History, London, 1806-1820, P. H., and unless otherwise noted are to volume XVIII; those to the Dictionary of National Biography, D. N. B. References to Bancroft are to the History of the United States, six volumes, Appleton, New York, 1888; to Lecky, England in the Eighteenth Century, eight volumes, Appleton, New York, 1878-1890; to Green, History of the English People, four volumes, Harper, New York, 1880; to Journals of the American Congress, the edition published at Washington, 1823. References to volumes are in capital Roman numerals; to chapters or similar subdivisions, in small Roman.

31. Sir, that notwithstanding the austerity of the Chair. In the House of Commons and similar bodies speeches are nominally addressed, not to the members, but to the presiding officer, called the Speaker, the Chairman, or often the Chair. Instances of this form of address are found in the following passages: 10 27-30 and 28 17. The Speaker at this time was Sir Fletcher Norton, who held the office from 1770 to 1780. Any one interested in his career may study it in the Dictionary of National Biography. He is bitterly attacked in letter xxxix of Junius. The phrase austerity of the Chair refers to the fact that in impartially preserving order the Speaker is necessarily austere and sometimes even severe.

37. event. Result. my motion. The motion made at the end of the speech.

3 8. grand penal bill. A bill to prevent the New England colonies from trading with any countries except Great Britain, Ireland, and the British islands in the West Indies; and to prohibit the colonies from the Newfoundland fisheries except under certain conditions. When Lord North brought in this bill, February 10, 1775 (P. H., 299), he defended it on the ground that, because the Americans refused to trade with England, England should not suffer them to trade with any other nation. Burke

replied (ibid., 304) that the bill by destroying the source of the colonists' income would make it impossible for them to pay their large debts to English merchants and manufacturers. The bill came up again February 24 and 28 and March 6. On the last of these days Burke attacked it again (ibid., 389), declaring that it attempted to preserve authority by destroying dominion; and that it passed sentence of beggary, if not famine, on four great provinces. In another debate on May 8, when the bill was passed, Burke said (ibid., 396) that it "did not mean to shed blood; but, to suit some gentleman's humanity, it only meant to starve five hundred thousand people." For an account of the bill and the debates on it, see P. H., 298-305, 379-400, 421-461. For another good account, perhaps written by Burke himself, see A. R., 1775, chapter vi. Since chapters i to viii all deal with American affairs, they contain much matter of interest in connection with this speech.

3 10. returned to us from the other House. The House of Lords thought the provisions of the bill might well be extended to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina, and therefore returned it to the Commons for amendment. See P. H., 455-458.

3 13.

once more in possession of our deliberative capacity. On the return of the bill the Commons could again discuss it.

3 18. first day. November 29, 1774. P. H., 1.

3 21. mixture of coercion and restraint. The coercion was the attempt to crush the resistance of New England to the tea duty; the restraint, the restrictions upon trade. Such a "mixture" is not "incongruous" in itself, but is "incongruous" with "conciliation."

4 2. first. In 1765 Burke was elected to Parliament as member for the borough of Wendover, but he did not take his seat till early in 1766. 4 4. delicate. Requiring careful treatment. Compare, "These delicate points ought to be wholly left to the crown." Letter to the Sheriffs of Bristol, W., II, 222.

4 7. trust. The idea that powers of government are held in trust for the people comes out again and again in Burke's writings. Compare the following passages: "They [Parliament and the crown] all are trustees for the people." Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents, W., I, 492. "I had. very earnest wishes to keep the whole body of this authority perfect . . principally for the sake of those on whose account all just authority exists: I mean the people to be governed." Letter to the Sheriffs of Bristol, W., II, 223, 224.

4 9. more than common pains. Burke had in 1757 written, or helped to write, an Account of the European Settlements in America, and since that date his work in Parliament and on the Annual Register had kept him