forth. Where there is really such a difference—as to some, though not to a considerable extent there is— the conclusions here given are to be taken as the author's more matured opinion on the subject.

I have to express my thanks to Mr. Goddard H. Orpen, of Lincoln's Inn, for his careful reading of the proofs while passing through the press, as well as for suggestions and criticisms which assisted me to make improvements in particular parts of the book.

LONDON, July 29, 1890.

I. The different senses of the word Socialism, and rela-.

tion between the different kinds of Socialists

I-II

II. Further division (according to the means proposed

of realizing their ideals) into the Revolutionary,

Evolutionary, and State-Socialists. Prospects of

Socialism in the leading civilized countries-England,

France, Germany, and the United States

III. Anarchism, and its relation to Socialism: points of

agreement and difference. Why some knowledge of

the history of Socialism is desirable.

11-17

17-20

CHAPTER II.

SOCIALISM BEFORE THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.

I. The Jewish Socialism. Socialistic institutions of the

Law of Moses-The Jubilee, &c. Failure of the

Jewish Socialistic polity. Retardation of the change

to individualism by the Law of Moses and the

Prophets. The Socialism of the Gospels. The ideal

of the Christian Society

II. The Catholic Church and Communism. Gradation

of classes under Feudalism. Risings of the com-

66

21-27

SECT.

monalty" after the decline of feudalism. The risings
of the people in England to prevent their divorce
from the land. Increase of the poor and institution
of Poor Laws. More's Utopia. Anticipation in it
of the modern Socialist argument. The age of
social Utopias

III. Decline in the production of Utopias. The new

problem for social philosophers—The Origin of Civil

Society and Government. Hobbes' and Locke's

speculations. What constitutes private property

according to each. Effects of their writings on

English society and subsequent social speculation.

The struggle for Monarchy in England throughout

the seventeenth century. Political effects of the limi-

tation of the kingly authority. Social and economic

effects. Decline of yeomen and rise of the farming

class. The agricultural labourer

PAGE

27-33

33-39

IV. New era in the history of Society inaugurated by

the writings of Rousseau. His "Discours sur

l'Origine de l'Inégalité." His story of the "fall of

man" socially and morally. Stages in the early his-

tory of man. The happy stage at which the species

should have stopped. The origin of private property.

The evil world and the evil passions that came

with private property. The war of all with

all. Origin of Civil Society and Law. Trans-

formation of delegated into absolute authority.

The sole way of recovery, as indicated in the

"Contrat Social." The people the only legitimate

sovereign in the state. The proper aims of Govern-

ment. How to retain the sovereign power in the

hands of the people. Far-reaching consequences of

Rousseau's writings. Errors and truth in them 39-59

V. How far Rousseau was a Socialist. The doctrine of

the "Economic Politique" favours what we now call

State-Socialism, to be secured by taxation and the

extension of the State's functions

VI. Theories due to the influence of Rousseau's ideas.

Mably's Communism. Fichte's Collectivism, an

anticipation of the present collectivist system.

Bakunin's Anarchism. Morellet's Communism; its

affinity with existing Collectivism. The French

Revolution partly Socialistic in its effects.

59-64

64-71

SECT.

CHAPTER III.

MODERN SOCIALISM, FROM ST. SIMON TO KARL MARX.

1. St. Simon : his originality: successive phases of

his ideas. His Positivist stage. His State Social-

ism, with the right to labour and the right to

knowledge guaranteed to the labourer. Further

advance: a new morality necessary, to be supplied

by positive philosophers; and a new religion, to be

preached by philanthropists. The "New Chris-

tianity." Its principal aim the amelioration of the

lot of the poor

PAGE

. 72-78

II. The St. Simonian school. Advance on the views of

the Master. The three stages in the exploitation of

man by his fellows. A radical reform declared to be

necessary in the laws of Property and Inheritance.

Their principle of distribution:-to each according

to his works. Views on Rent: on Capital. Antici-

pation of special positions of the present Collec-

tivists. Insight of the St. Simonians: merits and

defects of their ideal: specific objections

. 78-87

III. Carlyle's Socialism. Resemblance between his social

and political doctrine and the St. Simonian Social-

ism. Ideas in common with the St. Simonians

in "Sartor Resartus" and "Past and Present."

The doctrine of the "Latter Day Pamphlets."

Way to the desired end according to Carlyle :-The

"Great Man" seconded by an aristocracy of ability.

Similar doctrine in Lord Beaconsfield's political

novels of "" Sybil; or the Two Nations," and

"Coningsby "

IV. New Socialistic scheme of Fourier: Not State-

Socialism. The phalange and the phalanstère.

Fourier's principle of distribution. Mill's eulogy

of Fourier's scheme: his criticism of it. Possible

case for an experiment on Fourier's lines

V. Louis Blanc's objection to St. Simonism.

87-98

. 98-106

His own

scheme of co-operative production to be launched

by the aid of the State, but afterwards to be free from

State control. Competition to be employed to get

rid of the present system, afterwards to be done away

with. Tendency of the scheme to Communism.

Its failure so far as partially tried

106-115

SECT.

VI. J. S. Mill and his attitude to Socialism, as gathered

from his "Principles of Political Economy," his

Chapters on Socialism” (Fortnightly Review) and

his "
Autobiography." His general ideal of the

future society. Ideal in the sphere of industry; Co-

operative production, realized without State aid. His

prophecy in 1848. Why co-operative production has

not succeeded. Great extension and development

of the opposite system of capitalism since that time.

Cairnes' error as to the difficulties in the way of co-

operative production. Supplementary note

Robert Owen's relation to Socialism and co-opera-

tive production

on

PAGE

115-124

CHAPTER IV.

THE NEW SOCIALISM AND ITS ARGUMENT.

I. The third Socialist crusade preached by Lassalle :

the inspiration derived from Karl Marx. Improved

method of attack on the existing system. Marx's

economical and historical arguments. Their

guns turned on the orthodox economists. Commun-

istic point of departure of Marx: the subsequent

changes in his ideas and methods

125-131

II. The new Socialism (Collectivism) and its aims: why

it deserves special attention. Marx's three stages

in the history of industry. The appearance of the

capitalist and origin of capital. Stages before the

Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution:

its causes and results. Completion of the revolu-

tion

131-138

III. Marx's theory of value derived from Ricardo. His

own theory of "surplus value." Fallacy of the

arguments in support of the theory. The appeal to

morals. Element of truth in the charges of Marx

against the capitalist employers in the past

138-151

CHAPTER V.

IN THE SOCIALIST STATE.

I. General outline of the Collectivist scheme from the