making 1757 mission workers proper, and 2225 ministers, missionaries, and teachers of all kinds engaged in religious work.

This statement may give a too favourable impression of missionary efforts on the continent as a whole. South Africa receives by far the largest share. With but 22,000,000 out of the population of 202,000,000, South Africa has 1035 of the whole number engaged in religious work, leaving less than 1200 for the remaining 180,000,000. This is as though in the whole State of Massachusetts there was but one Christian minister and one Sunday-school teacher.

I. THE BARBARY STATES, INCLUDING ALGERIA.

This northern part of the continent, with the Sahara, is supposed to contain 15,200,000 people, of whom, perhaps, 350,000 are Jews, 400,000" Christians," 14,450,000 Mohammedans or Mohammedanish.

In Tunis the London Society for Promoting Christianity among the Jews has 2 missionaries and 12 assistants, with 473 pupils in schools; also the British and Foreign Bible Society has a station. In Algeria this last society has a station, and 1727 copies of the Bible, in whole or in part, were distributed in the year 1879; also, the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland has 1 missionary and 1 Native evangelist. In Morocco the London Jewish Society has 1 missionary, 1 assistant, and 9 other helpers, with schools in which are 172 pupils.

The total for this vast population is 8 missionaries and assistants, and 22 Natives; in all, 30 labourers; and 655 pupils in schools, chiefly Jewish.

II. SENEGAMBIA.

Beginning at the southern edge of the Sahara, and taking in the Senegal, the Gambia, the Sierra Leone, and the Mandingo country, this region may be set down as having 17,000,000; the largest portion, Mohammedans of various shades, running out into heathenism of the most degraded types. Perhaps the Mohammedans number 14,000,000, the heathen 2,980,000, the "Christians" 20,000, of whom 6553 are reported communicants of Protestant churches.

At the Senegal the Paris Société des Missions Evangéliques has 2 missionaries, 24 communicants, 40 members of congregations.-At the Gambia the English Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society has 4 missionaries and assistants, 11 other paid agents, and 26 "local preachers," 650 members, 2650 in the congregations, 443 in Sunday-schools, and 363 in dayschools. At Sierra Leone the English Episcopal Church has self-supporting congregations, a bishop and clergy, with about 5000 communicants. Of the English Wesleyan Methodists there are also colonial churches, with 12 ministers and assistants, 50 subordinate paid agents, 135 "local preachers," 5732 members, 16,894 in the congregations, 3757 in Sunday-schools, 2462 in day-schools. In the more specific missionary work of the Sierra Leone country the English Church Missionary Society has 10 European and 16 Native labourers, 66 communicants, 275 in the congregations, 326 in the schools. The English United Methodist Free Church Missionary Society has 4 "itinerants," 81 "local preachers," 2807 members, and 749 Sabbathschool scholars.-At Sherbro the United Brethren Society (Dayton, Ohio, United States), has 7 labourers besides Native teachers, 60 communicants, 110 Sabbath-school scholars, and 60 day scholars.-At Mendi the American Missionary Association has 8 missionaries, 5 Native labourers, 2 churches, 87 communicants, and 179 pupils in schools.

The total Colonial ministers and assistants in Senegambia are 12, with 50

Native assistants, 16,894 adherents, 5732 communicants, and 3757 in the schools. The total in the Missions are 24 missionaries and assistants, 78 other labourers, 922 adherents, 821 communicants, 1907 Sabbath scholars, and 1677 day scholars. The deadly malaria has been a great obstacle to Missions in this region.

The population of Liberia, including Medina and other recent additions, may be 1,400,000; of whom about 20,000 are Americo-Liberians. The largest proportion of the Natives are Mohammedans of a certain sort, perhaps 1,000,000; the heathen may number 380,000, the "Christians' 20,000, of whom the communicants may be 4700. There are 26 Baptist churches, reporting 24 ministers, and 1928 communicants. The report of the Methodist Episcopal Church of the United States gives 25 ministers, 10 assistants, 4 Native preachers, and 47 "local preachers" and teachers, 2200 members, 1831 Sabbath school scholars, and 300 day scholars. The American Presbyterian Church (North) reports 9 missionaries and assistants, 270 communicants, and 65 pupils in schools. The African Baptists of the United States support some preachers.

Total, 104 ministers, assistants, and teachers, reported, 4759 communicants, 2428 Sabbath-school scholars, and 780 day scholars.

IV. GUINEA.

The population of the Guinea coast and interior, from Cape Palmas to the Ogowé, may be roughly stated at 25,000,000. It is a region of bald heathenism, with a slight infiltration of Mohammedanism; the heathen being, perhaps, 24,050,000; Mohammedanish, 900,000; and "Christians," 50,000, of whom 5000 may be communicants.-Dr. Behm assigns 31,770,000 to Middle Soudan, north and east of Guinea, where are the great Mohammedan states of Wadai, Baghirmi, Bornu, Kanem, Sokoto, Gando, Massina, &c.

On the Gold Coast the English Wesleyan Methodist Society reports 15 missionaries and assistants, and 125 other paid agents, with 288 "local preachers," 6038 members, 26,600 adherents, 2510 Sabbath-school scholars and 2622 day scholars. The Basle Evangelical Missionary Society reports 57 European and 73 Native missionaries and assistants; 36 stations, Accra, Adangme, Akem, Ashantee, &c.; 1922 communicants, 4193 adherents, 175 Sunday-school scholars, and 1130 day scholars. The American Baptist Missionary Society (South) reports 2 missionaries and 2 Native assistants, with stations at Abeokuta, Lagos, and Ogbomoshow.-In Yoruba the English Church Missionary Society reports 7 missionaries, 93 Native evangelists and teachers; stations at Abeokuta, Badagry, Oshielle, Ibadan, Ota, Lagos, &c.; 2041 communicants, 6109 adherents, and 1598 in schools. The English Wesleyan Methodist Society reports 10 missionaries and assistants, 35 other paid agents, and 44 "local preachers," 1236 members, 5407 adherents, 889 Sabbath-school scholars, and 901 day scholars.-On the Niger the English Church Missionary Society has a Native bishop, and ministers, 11 in all; 23 lay teachers, 11 stations, 211 communicants, 1561 adherents, and 287 scholars. There is peculiar interest in this Niger Mission of this great society, in view of the fact that it is officered and manned by Natives, and worked with enterprise and vigour.-At Old Calabar the Scotch United Presbyterian Society has 9 missionaries and assistants, 17 Native assistants, 20 stations, 198 communicants, 1769 adherents, 687 Sabbath-school scholars, and 703 day scholars.-At the Cameroons the English Baptist Missionary

Society reports 11 missionaries and assistants, 15 stations, 166 communicants, 233 Sabbath-school scholars, and 217 day scholars.-At the Gaboon, Corisco, and Ogowe, the American Presbyterian Church (North) reports 16 missionaries and assistants, with 31 Native workers, 331 communicants, and 179 scholars.

The totals for Guinea sum up 147 missionaries and assistants, and 348 Native workers, making 495 in all; 4869 communicants, 52,913 adherents, 4494 Sabbath-school scholars, and 7634 day scholars. Until recent years this Guinea Coast has, probably, been the most fatal to Europeans of any part of Africa.

V. LOANGO AND CONGO.

Dr. Behm assigns to "the Loango Coast" 300,000. To this, with the interior kingdoms of Muata Yanvo, of Kasongo, and of Marutse Mabonde, he gives a total of 6,200,000. This does not include the vast region stretching from the Equator South to Muata Yanvo's country, and west of the great lakes of Victoria Nyanza and Tanganyika. In this latter region Behm estimates the population at 20,000,000. Savages they are reported to be, and many of them cannibals.

The Livingstone Congo Inland Mission commenced work on the Congo in 1878, and reports now 11 missionaries and assistants at 4 stations. The English Baptist Missionary Society, which began also in 1878, reports 4 missionaries and 3 Native helpers, 2 Sabbath-schools and 2 day-schools, and two converts, 1 of them the King of Congo.

The total for the Congo is, 15 missionaries and 3 Native assistants.

VI. ANGOLA AND BIHÉ.

The Portuguese estimate the population of Angola, which includes the coast region merely, at 2,000,000, of whom, perhaps, 10,000 are "Christians," Roman Catholic adherents. Inland from Angola, in Bihé, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions is commencing work; 3 missionaries are there, 2 are on the way, and others are shortly to follow.

VII. SOUTH AFRICA.

The population of this part of the continent is reckoned at 22,000,000, of whom, probably, 21,584,000 are heathen, and 416,000" Christians;" 127,968 of these are reported as communicants. The British possessions, Orange Free State, and Transvaal, according to the census of portions in 1877, and estimates of other portions, have 2,041,000, of whom, probably, 350,000 are whites: Zulu and Matabele lands are set down at 1,350,000; other regions, 18,409,000.

The old Dutch Church has a complete organization, churches, schools, theological seminaries, and missionary societies. Its Colonial adherents are reported to be 132,000, including 16,000 Natives; Mission adherents, Natives, 23,000; communicants, 53,030; average congregations, 30,529; ministers, 72; 11 stations among Natives within and beyond Cape Colony. The English Episcopal Church has its full organization; its Missions are chiefly under the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. There are also Congregational, Baptist, Wesleyan, and other Methodist churches, with their organizations. Silver's Handbook for 1880 reports the Anglican Church adherents to be 45,441, of whom 26,327 are whites, and 19,114 blacks; 77 clergy, and 7205 communicants. The Wesleyan Methodist adherents, 34,781, of whom 11,246 are whites, and 23,535 blacks; 10,375 communicants, and 52 ministers. The Congregationalists and Baptists, adherents,

32,286; whites, 5709; and blacks, 26,577; communicants, 6114, and ministers, 26. The various Presbyterians, adherents, 5621, whites being 2218, and blacks, 3408; 1860 communicants, and 13 ministers. The various Lutherans, adherents, 22,855, of whom the whites are 8953, and the blacks, 13,902; the communicants, 11,256, and ministers, 32. Other Protestants, adherents, 22,442; communicants, 7773, and ministers, 49.

Besides what is done by the several churches in their localities, various Missionary Societies are at work. Among the Ovahereros, the Finnish Lutheran Missionary Society has 4 stations.-In Ovampo, Damarra, Herero, and Namaqualand, the Rheinischer (Barmen) Missions Gesellschaft reports 21 missionaries, 20 stations, and 5800 converts.-In Cape Colony the same Society reports 10 stations, 15 missionaries, and 8000 baptized converts.In Cape Colony, Kaffraria, Orange Free State, Transvaal, and Natal, the Berliner Missions Gesellschaft reports 71 missionaries and assistants, 44 stations, 8000 baptized converts, 4187 communicants, 2349 pupils in schools. -In Cape Colony, Kaffraria, and Bechuanaland, the London Missionary Society reports 15 missionaries and assistants, with 18 Native helpers; 1144 communicants, and 986 scholars. These last are from incomplete returns, and this may be said of the reports of some other societies.-In Kafraria and Natal the Scotch Free Church reports 29 missionaries and assistants, with 46 Native helpers; 2190 communicants, 2800 pupils in schools. At Lovedale," the busiest industrial college in the missionary world," were 393 pupils. In Kaffraria the Scotch United Presbyterian Church reports 8 missionaries and assistants, with 22 Native helpers; 1310 in congregations, 1044 communicants, 324 Sabbath-school scholars, and 791 day scholars.-In Cape Colony, Orange Free State, and Natal, the English Wesleyan Methodists report 115 English ministers and assistants, 388 other paid assistants, 1050 "local preachers," 99,169 attendants on worship, 18,288 members, 16,446 Sabbath-school scholars, 13,435 day scholars. Their report does not distinguish between the work among the Colonists and the missionary work among the Natives.-In Basutoland the Paris Société des Missions Evangé liques reports 21 missionaries and assistants, 126 Native assistants, 83 stations, 4252 church members, 3030 pupils in schools. In the Transvaal and Natal the Hermannsburg Society reports 33 missionaries, 47 stations, 4000 converts, 3189 communicants.-In South Africa, West and East Districts, the United Brethren (Moravians) report 64 missionaries and assistants, 273 occasional helpers, 15 stations, 10,819 members, 2588 communicants, 2486 pupils in schools.-In Natal and Zululand the Norwegian Society reports 8 stations, 9 pastors, 270 baptized persons.*-At Spelunka, Valdezia, the Swiss Free Church of the Canton de Vaud reports 2 missionaries and 5 Native catechists. In Natal, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions has 9 missionaries and 15 assistants, 66 Native assistants, 15 churches, 610 communicants, 937 pupils in schools.-In Cape Colony, Orange Free State, Transvaal, Natal, and Zululand, the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel reports 7 bishoprics, 95 missionaries and assistants, 24 to the heathen, 10 Native clergy, 44 teachers, 24,456 church members, and 5182 communicants.

Totals. The statistics seem to show the following as to the Colonial churches: 318 ministers and assistants, 388,500 adherents, 108,850 communicants, 16,500 in Sabbath-schools (incomplete), and 13,500 in day-schools (incomplete). The various societies labouring among the Natives seem to make the following showing: 314 missionaries and assistants, 442 Native Carlyle, South Africa, p. 249.

assistants, 28,000 adherents, "baptized converts," and "converts;" 19,114 communicants, 324 Sabbath-school scholars (incomplete), and 13,379 day scholars. The Colonial churches and Missions sum up together, for the 22,000,000 of South Africa, 596 white ministers and missionaries of all grades, and 442 blacks, a total of religious and day-school teachers, clerical and lay, men and women, all told, 1005; 416,000 adherents; 127,964 communicants; 16,824 Sabbath-school scholars; 26,879 day scholars.

VIII. EAST CENTRAL AFRICA.

Between South Africa and Galla and Somaliland, and inward to the great lakes, using irregular boundary limits, and making a free estimate of the population after Dr. Behm, there may be 57,067,000 people, of whom 1,000,000 may be called Mohammedanish, and 56,067,000 heathen.-At Lake Nyassa the Scotch Free Church commenced a Mission in 1875. In 1880 the report names 3 stations, Livingstonia, Bamdawi, and Marenga, 10 missionaries and assistants, 3 schools, and 70 pupils. The Chinyanja, the language of the Manganja people, has been reduced to writing, and a grammar and vocabulary prepared. The school at Livingstonia has had 100 pupils. Sunday services in English and Chinyanja are held; industrial and agricultural work is in progress; a female medical department has been started. -At Blantyre the Scotch Established Church reports an out-station also, at Zomba, 40 miles from Blantyre. There are 9 missionaries and assistants, 1 ordained missionary, 2 medical missionaries (1 on leave), 1 general agent, 4 artisans, 1 school-mistress, 1 dairy-woman, 2 schools, 175 scholars; 2 Native meetings on Sunday, besides the home service, and a daily evening service. The Native language has been mastered, and portions of school-books printed in Chiao; boys and girls are taught writing and arithmetic, girls sewing. Agricultural and industrial work is done; large buildings are erected. At Zomba 20 acres are under cultivation. The course of religious teaching goes on daily. Genesis, Jonah, and Matthew have been translated.

In Zanzibar, island and mainland, the English Universities' Mission reports (1879) 24 missionaries and assistants-6 ladies. On the island, with the stations of Mbweni and Kingani, there is a church, hospital, infant-school, and Zenana Mission for Mohammedan women. In the Usambara country, 3 stations, Magila, Umba, and Pambili. In the Rovuma district, 2 stations, Masasi and Newala.-At Urambo, at Ujiji on the eastern shore of Tanganyika and Uguha on the west shore, the London Missionary Society, which commenced in this region in 1877, reports for 1880, 7 missionaries and assistants. Farther north, at Kisilutini and Frere Town on the coast, the Church Missionary Society reports 5 missionaries and assistants, and 12 Native workers, 737 Native Christians," 66 communicants, 137 scholars. Mission was begun here in 1844. In 1876 the Nyanza Mission was founded. There are now 4 stations on the lake and between it and the ocean, Rubaga, Uyui, Mamboia, and Mpwapwa; 11 missionaries and assistants.-At Ribe, near the English Church Mission on the coast, the English United Methodist Free Church has been at work since 1862, and reports 5 stations, 7 itinerant preachers, 6 "local preachers," 24 members, and 46 Sabbath-school scholars.

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Total for East Central Africa, 91 missionaries and assistants; 90 communicants (incomplete); 737 adherents (incomplete); 438 scholars.

IX. ABYSSINIA AND GALLA AND SOMALI LANDS.

Population, Abyssinia, 3,000,000; Galla and Somali lands, 15,500,000 ;