By courtesy, Canadian National Railways.

At Kitwanga, British Columbia, said to be the finest Amerindian village in the world, these extraordinary examples of primitive art have long intrigued ethnologists. It is thought that some of the carvings represent "Indians'" names, which are frequently derived from animals and flowers. At Alert Bay totem poles are also numerous.

Vancouver

As we confront Vancouver and note the busy city covering the slopes beside the water, the big ships and liners lying off it in one of the world's most beautiful harbours, it is hard to realise that forty years ago this whole site was a desert. When the Canadian Pacific Railway made its terminus here in 1887 the transformation began. Besides having become the chief Canadian seaport for the Pacific, Vancouver has profited by the building of the Panama Canal. It has now a population of 117,200, and is therefore the fourth city of Canada. Some of the houses in the residential quarter, with their lawns and gardens, are very beautiful, and the business blocks are mainly of grey stone.

Fortunately for the Canadian housewife, in this part of the Dominion the Asiatic is a prominent feature, both Japanese and Chinese being here in great numbers. They form almost the only domestic servants, every well-to-do household having one or two. As laundrymen, besides, the Chinese are conspicuous throughout Western Canada, and monopolise the business. They work on farms and in the lumber camps, on the wharves, and as gold-washers and fishermen.

The Yukon

A thousand miles north of Vancouver by water and by land, on one of the most tragic gold-hunter's trails of the world, followed in the depths of winter by thousands of eager, restless men, lies the Klondike mining district in the heart of the Yukon territory. It was in 1896 that gold was discovered in these subArctic wilds; the usual stampede of prospectors set in, the town of Dawson sprang into being, and the world rang with the story of great fortunes made in a night, gambling hells, drinking palaces, robberies and suicides. Two years later the Yukon territory, as large as France, was carved out of the old NorthWest Territories, and the gallant North-West Mounted Policemen were set to the task of preserving order in this wild, heterogeneous community. And then the slump came. In 1900 the placer miners took $22,275,000 from the various creeks of the Klondike. That was the record year. As the yield declined the population melted away. In 1923 the gold output for the

whole district fell to $1,042,536. But now the metal is recovered in several ways, among which figure enormous dredgers and huge hydraulic machines.

Hudson Bay

Hudson Bay and Strait are two large arms of the Atlantic Ocean, both well outside the Arctic circle. The bay-350,000 square miles in extent-is the third largest inland sea in the world. Ice does not form on its waters; although field ice is found in large quantities, but never impedes navigation. In 1911 a railway was begun from a point in Manitoba, and is being carried on to Fort Churchill, an old trading post and harbour of the Hudson Bay Company. This line will help to shorten the route from Saskatoon to Liverpool by 1,200 miles, as compared with the present route via the Great Lakes and Montreal. There are several fur-trading posts on Hudson Bay.

POPULATION AND PRODUCTS

Canada has an area of 3,603,336 square miles exclusive of 126,329 square miles of water. The total population (1921) is 8,788,500, which includes some 100,000 Amerindians and over 3,000 Eskimos. Ottawa (107,893) is the Dominion capital, but Montreal (618,506) is the largest city. Other cities are Toronto (521,893), Winnipeg (179,100), Vancouver (117,200), Hamilton (114,200), Quebec (95,200), Calgary (63,400), London (61,000), Edmonton (58,900), Halifax (59,400), and St. John (N.B. 47,200). Canada's industries are many and varied. Her agricultural and dairying operations are an imperial asset of inestimable value. She leads the world, for example, in the export of cheese, which is mainly Cheddar, and is taken up chiefly by the United Kingdom and the United States. Manitoba No. 1 Hard is the world's standard wheat. Of asbestos Canada has practically a world monopoly, her only serious competitor being Rhodesia. The Canadian fishing waters are the most extensive on the face of the earth, and produce salmon (the chief fish), cod, halibut, herring, lobster, albacore (tuna), whitefish and dozens of other varieties. By-products of the fishing industry include caviare (made from sturgeon roe), fish fertilizers, fish meals, cod liver oil, isinglass, and glue. Timber of all kinds, pulp for paper, and maple sugar, etc., are provided in abundance by the enormous forests. Among minerals, gold is very important as is also nickel, in the production of which Canada claims a world hegemony.

IV-NEWFOUNDLAND

The Oldest British Colony

Newfoundland is reputed to be-though Barbardos disputes the claim the oldest British Dominion. It is now self-governing and is not, of course, part of the Dominion of Canada. Five years after Columbus's first voyage, John Cabot (a Genoese merchant naturalised in England) sailed out of the port of Bristol, in the service of King Henry VII, with a crew of sturdy West of England sailors. He came to Cape Bonavista in Newfoundland, and laid the foundations of England's claim to territorial sovereignty in the New World.

Owing to its extraordinary indentations Newfoundland has

a coast of six thousand miles. More than one third of its area is covered by lakes, one of which, Grand Lake, on the west side of the island is fifty-six miles long.

The Fisheries

The fisheries of Newfoundland are proverbial for their extent, richness and variety. The cod fishery of Newfoundland is the most extensive of the kind in the world. At one time codfish was the national currency, payment of debts being made in kind. There are many other varieties of fish found in the waters round the island; halibut, haddock, turbot, eels and conger, besides herring, salmon, lobsters, caplin and squid. All these fish may be caught in inexhaustible quantities within three miles of the shores of the island.

Timberland

The manufacture of wood pulp and paper in Newfoundland is a trade of recent growth, and one that offers promise of extensive development in the future. The black spruce of the island is one of the best known materials from which wood pulp can be made; the local fir is also largely used in its manufacture.

St. John's

The entrance to the harbour of St. John's, the capital, is striking and picturesque. As the inbound vessel approaches the

shore a narrow opening suddenly appears in the rocky wall, as if some convulsion of Nature had rent the rampart asunder and the sea had rushed in. Hills from five hundred to six hundred feet high stand guard on either side of this opening, and as the vessel glides between them the traveller raises his eyes, not without a feeling of awe, to the great cliffs of dark red sandstone piled in broken masses on a foundation of grey slate.

POPULATION, PRODUCTS, ETC.

Newfoundland has an area of 42,734 square miles and a population of 263,000. Its dependency, Labrador, has an area of 120,000 square miles and a population of 3,700. Towns in Newfoundland include the capital, St. John's (37,100), Bonavista (4,000), Harbour Grace (4,000), and Grand Falls. Besides its very extensive cod fisheries, the Dominion also controls an important sealing industry, and, apart altogether from the fisheries, the most important product is probably paper pulp from the great forests of the hinterland. There are important mineral resources in copper and iron ores, some coal, and argentiferous lead. Agriculture is progressive, the chief cereal crop being oats, and Newfoundland must not be overlooked as a centre for the sportsman. The Dominion is dependent for its trade to a very large extent on Spain and Portugal, Italy, Greece and other Mediterranean countries in which the codfish is a staple article of food, as well as on certain South American countries, notably Brazil, to which Newfoundland exports a large amount of codfish each year. The chaotic exchanges which followed the conclusion of the Great War caused a grave set-back to the prosperity and economic advancement of the Dominion. There are about a thousand miles of railways, mainly on the 3-foot 61⁄2-inch gauge. Labrador is much frequented in summer by fishermen from Newfoundland, who catch and cure great quantities of fish in the coastal waters and return home after the fishing season is over.

V. THE WEST INDIES

§ 1

The Bermudas

Most people know that Shakespeare placed the scene of his play, "The Tempest," in the Bermudas, or to give them the name the Spaniards gave them, Los Diablos, the Devils. Yet,