that part of the country. Many of his employés, like Lalande, were as much Indians as white men, and mingled freely with the former. Lalande was really sent to trade with the Pawnees, and with the idea that he might ultimately succeed in reaching New Spain. As a matter of fact, he sent word through the Indians to the Spaniards that he was near their country, and they dispatched a party to meet him and bring him in.

Pike mentions meeting one James Pursley, a Kentuckian, in New Spain, but I can find no other mention of this adventurous traveler.

In journeys to the westward, therefore, the gap from Cabeza de Vaca to Lalande remains. Of journeys from New Spain towards what was then called Florida, or what we may call the central belt of our territory, there are hints in the works of Spanish and French historians; but no parties seem to have come farther east than did an expedition against the Indians (almost entirely destroyed by the latter) in the eighteenth century, which came to grief probably in what is now the western part of Kansas.

It may rightly be doubted whether the general public care for such musty and unfruitful research as has occupied me, but I would fain hope that some of the army officers whose eyes this paper shall meet may take an interest in pushing the quest more thoroughly and more successfully than have I. They have done notable service in such lines of investigation, as I can testify from the perusal of a considerable portion of their long list of able records bearing on the region in question. A goodly list is it, indeed, beginning with Pike's narrative and ending, up to the present writing, with a monograph3 by my friend, Captain Symons, of the engineers, so scholarly, so exhaustive, and so interesting that in any other service than ours it would have gained him not only distinction, but also substantial recognition.

Was there really no white man on or near the Santa Fé trail through all the long years from 1536 to 1804; through the romantic era of the Puritan and the Cavalier; through the heroic days of the pioneers of France in the New World, and the times of the Jesuit and the Franciscan; through the Colonial epoch and the Revolution? Was the first follower on the traces of the heroic Cabeza de Vaca and the courtly Coronado, and the immediate predecessor of the noble Pike, only a half-breed defaulter and thief? Unless some other investigator than I can throw light on this question, one must, in the words of the popular song,

"Read the answer in the stars;

We mortals know it not!"

The Army and the Exploration of the West," by Lieutenant T. W. Symons, Corps of Engineers, in the Journal of the Military Service Institute.

WASHINGTON, D. C.

A. A. HAYES.

THE GERMAN SOLDIER IN THE WARS OF THE UNITED STATES.

(Continued from page 670, vol. xii.)

THERE were two million six hundred and ninety thousand men engaged in the army and navy during the Rebellion, beside seventy-two thousand emergency men called out for short periods of service. The Count of Paris, in his exhaustive history of the war, says that of the volunteers who enlisted during the first year only one-tenth were foreigners; of the remainder, two-thirds were born on American soil and less than one-fourth were naturalized Europeans. In 1864, when conscription was partially resorted to, eighty per cent. were natives. This army, two-thirds natives and one-third foreigners, was raised out of a population of nineteen millions. Far more than one-third of the effective male population were of European birth, yet in the army there were less than that proportion in the ranks.

The Confederacy at the time of the battle of Bull Run had about two hundred thousand men under arms. When the North called for five hundred thousand men, the South called for four hundred thousand. In 1862 the South had about one hundred and eighty thousand men in the field; in April of that year the Confederate Congress ordered, not a draft as in the past, but a levy en masse of all white males between eighteen and thirty-five, residing within the Confederacy, for three years or the war, divided into sixteen classes. Based on a population of five million whites, this should have produced eight hundred thousand men,-it did give between four and five hundred thousand effective men. In September, 1862, the limit of age was extended to forty-five, and the other limit was made to include all who had completed their seventeenth year since April.

Of course in their army there were many Germans, and much of the literature of the war on the part of the South is made up of the records of those who served on that side,-notable among them Heros von Borcke, and he speaks in his Munchausen-like book of finding among the riflemen an old Prussian soldier from Texas,-of finding at Lee's headquarters Captain Scheibert, of the Prussian engineers, detailed as an observer, but taking an active part as a combatant,—and himself VOL. XIII.-No. 1.

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the author of a book, "Sieben Monaten in der rebellen Staaten," published in Stettin in 1868, characterized by its strong Southern tone. Then there is the book of another German soldier of fortune, B. Estvan, whose "Kriegsbilder aus Amerika" appeared in Leipsic in 1864, as it had already been published in England and in New York in English in 1863. Fritz Annecke, a soldier in the West, published a work on "Der zweite Freiheitskrieg" in Frankfort in 1861,-H. Blankenburg another coming down to the Presidential election in 1868 (Leipsic, 1869), August Conrad, "Schatten und Lichtbilder aus dem amerikanischen Leben wahrend des Secessionskrieges" (Hannover, 1879); Rustow, a recognized authority on war, a history of the war, from a purely military point of view. Mangold wrote "Der Feldzug in Neu Virginien in August, 1862" (Hannover, 1881), which has received high praise,-Constantin Sander, a history of the war, first down to 1862, and then a later and more complete volume, the former published in Frankfort in 1863, the second in 1865. "Von Achten der Letzte" is a German novel on the Southern side published in Wiesbaden in 1871.

Of translations and newspaper and magazine articles in German, the number is almost endless. Many Southern citizens living abroad tried to reach the German public by arguments and appeals, but the fact remains that the great mass of the German people were from first to last unshaken in their faith in the success of the Union, and they profited largely by their faith, which led them to make investments in American bonds and securities at a time of general doubt.

The statistics of nativity of the population of the States at the time of the Rebellion are not to be absolutely ascertained. I find in "Freiheit u. Sklaverei unter dem Sternenbanner, oder Land u. Leute in Amerika," by Theodore Griesinger, Stuttgart, 1862, the statement that in Pennsylvania there were then over a million of German birth and descent; in New York, 800,000; in Ohio, 600,000; in New Jersey, 125,000; in New England, 30,000; while there were in the Southern States, in Virginia, 250,000; in Maryland, 125,000; in Missouri, over 100,000; in Louisiana, 50,000; in Texas, 30,000; in Tennessee, 50,000; in North Carolina and Kentucky, 70,000; in Delaware, 25,000; in South Carolina, 20,000; in the cotton States,-Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas, 10,000; in Florida, 5000. There is no estimate of the number in the Northwest, that vast region from which came the volunteers of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Iowa. Of course the Germans of Missouri supplied large numbers of soldiers, some of them of great distinction, and many Germans from other States went to Missouri, as that was almost the first seat of active operations, and Fremont and Sigel and Asboth attracted Germans from all quarters, just as in the East, German regiments were asking to join Blenker's brigade until it became a division, and others

were ready to swell the division to a corps. Indeed, it was from Blenker's demand to lead it that McClellan was obliged to administer a reproof which led finally to his resignation from active service.

The only attempt at an official analysis of the nativity of the soldiers. of the Union army is that found in a volume of medical statistics published in a final report of the Provost-Marshal General, General James B. Fry, U.S.A., in which it is stated that out of 343,764 drafted men there were from Würtemberg, 1; Austria, 67; Prussia, 754; Bavaria, 35; Saxony, 15; Germany, 35,935; Switzerland, 1158; total, 37,965; but in another place it is said that there were of German birth 54,944 soldiers drafted in the service. In the same report it is said that during the Mexican war thirty per cent. of the American army were of foreign birth, and that this proportion held good of the volunteers during the Rebellion, but that in times of peace the proportions were reversed, seventy per cent. of the recruits being of foreign birth. It is also stated that twenty-four nationalities were represented in the United States army, and that out of a total of a million two hundred and fifty thousand men actually in the war, there were seventy-five thousand Germans. This is certainly very far short of the actual number, and is by no means borne out as accurate even by the estimates made by the very competent authority of the statistician employed by the United States Sanitary Commission, Dr. B. A. Gould, whose tables are based upon very careful mathematical data, and come as near the truth as can be expected in the absence of absolute returns.

The United States Sanitary Commission, in addition to its other good work, has published "Investigations in the Statistics of American Soldiers," by B. A. Gould (New York, 1869), of which one chapter is devoted to the nativity of the United States Volunteers (chap. ii. pp. 15-26). It gives a suggestive list of the arrivals of aliens in the United States, as follows:

Thirty in each hundred alien passengers before 1861, and thirtythree in each hundred during the war, were males of military age, and the total for the years of the war may be placed at two hundred and twenty-nine thousand five hundred and thirty-two.

It was not until the war had been waged for some time that the place of birth was systematically required on the enlistment rolls; the actual records are therefore very imperfect, and as many men enlisted at different times for different periods-in one instance five times-even regimental statistics are misleading. It was not until the organization of the provost-marshal general's office that nativity was made an essential element of the history of each soldier. Out of the two and a half

million of men in the army, the nativities of about one million two hundred thousand have been collected for Dr. Gould's work from the records at the national and State capitals, of about two hundred and ninety-three thousand from regimental officers. In Missouri it was estimated that there were ten thousand re-enlistments among the German population, but making due allowance for these, the Sanitary Commission gives the following table of Germans, volunteers in the different regiments from the States, and in the parallel column that of the proportion the Germans would have borne to the native and other nationalities in the populations of each State; and I have added the German population from the census of 1860 in another column:

Adding to these native Americans 1,523,267, makes a total of 2,018,200 soldiers whose nativity is thus established, out of the 2,500,000 in the Union army.

Part of the unwritten history of the war for the Union is the result of the firm stand the Germans took in defense of their new