third, one of the principal spandrils, with part of it full size; the fourth, another of the principal spandrils, with part full size; the fifth, a pedestal under a canopy. The whole of these are most ingenious in design, and beautifully drawn and printed. ART. IV. Catalogue of Works on Architecture, Building, and Furnishing, and on the Arts more immediately connected therewith, recently published. FRANCE. PONCELET: Mémoires sur les Roues Hydrauliques. 4to. 7 fr. La Propriété, Journal d'Architecture Civile et Rurale, de Beaux-Arts, et d'Economie Sociale. 8vo. In monthly numbers. Paris. Picturesque Travels in Ancient France. The parts relating to the province of Languedoc are now in course of publication. The volumes already completed are five in number, and comprise Upper Normandy, Franche-Comté, and Auvergne. Compte de Lasteyrie: Collection de Machines, Instrumens, &c. 4to. New edition, to be completed in twenty-two parts, of which six are published. D'Aubuisson de Voissins: Traité d'Hydraulique à l'Usage d'Ingénieurs. Large volume, 8vo; with four plates. GERMANY. Meyerheim and Strack's Architect, Part IV.: Antiquities of the Old Mark of Brandenburg. 10 dollars for the four parts. Von Rinz: Baronial Castles of the Grand Duchy of Baden. 1 vol., royal folio; with sixty plates. 130 fr. Crelle: Journal für die Baukunst, &c. Vol. VII., Part IV.; and Vol. VIII., Part I. Crelle and Dietlein: Principles of Bridge-Building, &c. Berlin. 5 dollars. ENGLAND. Treatise on Isometrical Drawing as applicable to Geological and Mining Plans, Picturesque Delineations of Ornamental Grounds, Perspective Views and Working-Plans of Buildings and Machinery, and to General Purposes of Civil Engineering. By T. Sopwith. 34 copperplates. Demy 8vo, 16s.; royal paper, 17. Is. The History and Description of the Architecture, Construction, Materials, &c., of Eastbury, Essex. Imperial 4to. 21. 2s. Compilation of splendid Ornamental Designs from foreign Works of recent production. 4to, 24 plates. 10s. Maguire's Selection of Ornaments in various Styles. 4to. 9s. Knight's Unique Fancy Ornaments. Four parts, 4to. 16s. Five parts will complete. Shaw's Elizabethan Details, Part III. 4to. 58. Shaw's Ancient Furniture, Part VIII. 4to. 5s. Smith on the Construction of Cottages for Labourers. 8vo. Plates. 4s. The Antiquities of Christchurch, Hampshire. By B. Ferrey, Architect. 4to. 21. 5s.; royal paper, 31. 7s. 6d. Lockwood and Cates's History and Antiquities of the Gates, &c., of the City of York. 4to, five plates, 188.; large paper, in folio, 30s. Cattrick Church, in the County of York, illustrated; with Notes by the Rev. J. Raine; and with 13 plates of Views, Elevations, and Details, by A. Salvin, Architect. Britton's Survey of the Borough of Marylebone; fine large coloured map, in a 4to case. ll. Is. Blunt and Stephenson's Civil Engineer, Part II. Atlas folio, 17. 1s. Treatise on the principal Mathematical Instruments employed in Surveying, Levelling, and Astronomy, &c. &c. By F. W. Simms. 8vo. 5s. Oliver Evans on Mill-Work; a new edition by T. P. Jones. 8vo, 25 plates. 188. Account of the Mining Districts of Alston Moor, Weardale, and Teesdale, in Cumberland and Durham. By T. Sopwith. 12mo, plates. 4s. 6d. Geological Sections of Holyfield, Hudgill, and of Vein and Silver Band Lead Mines in Alston Moor and Teesdale. By T. Sopwith. 4to, plates. 10s. 6d. ART. V. Literary Notices. ELEMENTARY and Practical Instructions on the Art of Building Cottages and Houses for the humbler Classes, and for the better lodging of the peasantry and industrious classes in this country, as well as for the use of emigrants; 8vo, 8 plates and 27 woodcuts; 7s.; is in the press. Mr. Robinson's Hardwick Hall will be published in December. Mr. Wilkins will shortly publish two of the principal books of Vitruvius, which relate to Civil Architecture, with copious notes. Mr. Weale will soon publish, from Mr. Wilkins's drawing, a Geometrical Elevation of the National Gallery, in a folio print. A General Treatise on Projection, showing the various modes of delineating lines, plane figures, and solids, by Peter Nicholson, Architect, is preparing for publication. For the above notices and the preceding catalogue we are indebted to Mr. Weale. MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. BRICKMAKING, in Egypt, is not confined to any particular class. Most of the common labourers, and many of the mechanics and tradesmen, as 199 861 well as farmers, possess the tools for making bricks; and the following is an account of their mode of proceeding: - Near the bank of the Nile, or any other place where water and rich soil may be found, one or two men go into the water, and, with a rude instrument, like a carpenter's adze, they cut about two or more feet deep, and six or eight feet long: the breadth is according to circumstances. After they have cut about a load of soil, they mix with it one sackful of broken straw, cut about a quarter of an inch long (the quantity of this material must be proportioned to the quality of the soil), and a certain quantity of ashes. After these materials are well mixed together, they are ready for moulding. One man takes a borrshane (fig. 198.), and goes to the other who is in the pit, who fills it up with the mixture; and then the first carries it to a barren place, or common. When a sufficient quantity has been carried to this place, the labourers spread the cut straw over the ground where the bricks are to be made. The brickmakers then get each of them a vessel (see fig. 199.) full of water, and then sit each to his work. They fill the moulds (fig. 200.) with their hands, and when they are left to harden in the sun; and when they become dry on the upper surface, they are turned over, till they become thoroughly dry, and hard enough for immediate use, or for burning. Fig. 198. represents the borrshane, in which the labourers carry the brick earth: it is made of the leaves of the palm tree, and is a circular mat with two handles. Fig. 199. represents the pot for holding the water in which the labourers moisten their hands to smooth the bricks which they are moulding. Fig. 200. is a representation of the mould, made of wood. Mashdoud Mohandz. Norwich, Sept. 29. 1834. The Ancients conducted Water in Pipes. — It is stated in Professor Vince's Principles of Hydrostatics for the Use of Students in the University of Cambridge, p. 18., that "the ancients, not being aware that a pipe would convey a fluid to a level as high as the reservoir, carried water in pipes only down hill. To convey water to a place only a little below the water in the reservoir, having a valley between, they built aqueducts, instead of carrying a pipe down the hill, and then up again. Now, the word " aqueduct," as applied to the works of the ancients, is so sure to raise in our minds the image of those splendid remains to be seen in every direction around Rome and some other ancient cities, that a most erroneous idea appears likely to be perpetuated, by its employment as above in a book written expressly for instruction on points of this nature. For it never can be true, that, as a practical measure, it would, under all the circumstances, have been more advisable to construct "pipes," or rather tunnels, "down hill and then up again" for the purpose of conveying the streams of the magnitude with which Rome was watered, than to follow the gradual descent of the land with open aqueducts, and, when necessary, to cross the valleys at the most advantageous places. The enormous thickness of masonry requisite to confine these streams in tunnels after their descent from the Sabine and Alban hills, and the difficulty of repairing it when out of order, sufficiently exonerates the ancients from the charge of ignorance in employing the mode of construction they adopted. In London, we confine the use of water almost exclusively to domestic purposes; and most convenient it is to have water at command on every floor of the house, obtained by the well-known principle that, when conveyed through pipes, it rises to the level of its head. But in Rome, which has no good natural springs, where the climate is hot, and where water was, as it still is, an object of magnificence as well as use; where the daily use of the public bath was a salutary fashion adopted by all, and where the public games sometimes depended on the supply; a good many pipes, fifteen or twenty miles long, would have done little towards supplying the demand of so large a population; and nothing but the gigantic idea, which that gigantic nation could alone afford to execute, of conveying whole rivers across the plain into the city, was calculated to render it, what it still is, the best-watered metropolis in the world. That the ancients used water-pipes is well known: those of earthenware are frequently found as perfect as when first laid down; and it is quite im possible to understand how they could use pipes in connexion with the transmission of water, and not arrive at the knowledge of what now appears to us so obvious a principle—that it will rise through them to the level of its reservoir; especially when the complicated refinements of the ancient baths, and the general skill in engineering manifested by the Romans, are considered. The want of metal might, perhaps, have limited the use of pipes in cases where it was necessary to resist great pressure; but there is at Fréjus a fountain supplied by a restored Roman aqueduct, which the writer of this article is inclined to believe may be a case in point. Fréjus stands low; and, although I had not time to examine the course of the aqueduct, I am of opinion that the water is there conveyed by a pipe "down hill and then up again.' Let the learned engineers of Cambridge turn to the first work which professes to treat of the aqueducts of the ancients, and they will find them accused not only of using water-pipes, but of conducting water by them, in siphons, over hills. — T. F. L. Harwich, Sept. 1834. 1 ART. II. Foreign Notices. FRANCE. PARIS, Sept. 1834. Never did any monument of antiquity cause a greater sensation in Paris than the Obelisk of Luxor. No sooner had the Pacha given permission to the French government to remove this fine monument, than 500 Arabs were employed, at the expense of the French nation, for that purpose. The French engineers who superintended the work created quite a sensation in Luxor; even the dancing-girls learnt French; and when the obelisk was removed, machinery of extraordinary ingenuity was contrived for getting it on board ship, and relanding it on its arrival in France. At length it reached Paris; and then the question was, what was to be done with it? Some advised it to be placed in the Basse Cour of the Louvre, beside the Sphinx which had lain there for the last twenty or thirty years; some recommended the Place de la Bastille; some the Champ de Mars, and some even the Pont Neuf. Numerous other places have been suggested; but objections have been made to all. For a long time, as I before observed (p. 46.), the Place de la Concorde was thought the most likely to be fixed on; but now it is said that it will be placed at the rond-point de Courbevoie, beyond the Pont de Neuilly. Many projects are in agitation for improving the pavement of the streets in Paris. The Rue Vivienne and the Rue Richelieu have already undergone repair. The kennels in these streets have been formed of long pieces of flagstone hollowed out to receive the water, and firmly bedded in a mortar formed of cement and lime. Extensive improvements are about to be made in the Champs Elysées and the Place de la Concorde. There are to be fountains in each square of the place, and in different parts of the Champs Elysées. All the paltry buildings in the latter are to be removed, and handsome houses substituted. The arch at the Barrière de l'Etoile, at last, seems likely to be finished: two statues of Fame have been placed on the Parisian side, and models for the other sculptures are said to be prepared. The Museum of Natural History, which has been long talked of, has been commenced. It is to comprise a gallery for mineralogy and geology, hot-houses, houses for animals, reservoirs and conduits of water, &c. The gallery is to consist of a centre and two wings. The centre will be 300 ft. long; and the wings, which are to contain the herbarium, library, theatre, &c., 120 ft. long, and 45 ft. wide. The hot-houses are to consist of two pavilions entirely covered with glass, each 60 ft. long, 36 ft. wide, and 36 ft. high. At the extremity of one of these pavilions are to be two ranges of curvilinear hot-houses, presenting a surface of 140 square yards of glass. The church of St. Dénis is being repaired; but, as this is out of the city, I will return to the public works of Paris, the most important of which is a monument which is to be erected in the Place de la Bastille, in memory of the revolution of 1830. It is to consist of a bronze column in the Doric order, surmounted by a statue of the Genius of Liberty. The monument will have for its basis three plinths, or steps: the first of red Flanders marble, circular in the plan, of 30 yards in diameter, and nearly 1 yard in height above the pavement; the second will be of white marble, about 18 yards in diameter, and 3 yards high above the first, exclusive of the cornice over it; the third will form a square of 8 yards on each side, and will be elevated about 9 ft. above the cornice of the second; it will also be of white marble. Above this will be placed a pedestal of bronze, 6 yards square, and 6 yards high. The column will be 31 yards in diameter at the base, and 25 yards high. It will be surmounted by a lantern 4 yards high, on which will be placed a statute, which will make a total elevation of 463 yards from the pavement. These measurements are not very exact; but I expect soon to be able to send you an engraving representing an elevation of the entire design. The staircase will be of bronze, and will consist of 205 steps. Two sides of the bronze pedestal will bear inscriptions in gilt letters; and the two others will be ornamented with symbolic figures. All the ornaments will be gilt, and the torus of the base of the column will be ornamented with laurel leaves. On the shaft of the column will be inscribed, in gilt letters, the names of the citizens who were slain in the revolution of July, 1830. The capital of the column will be gilt; and also the statue of Liberty, which will hold a flambeau in one hand, and a chain, broken, in the other. The preparatory works were commenced in 1833, and the total expense is estimated at 900,000 francs. F. L. Besson. Rue de Richelieu, Paris. GREECE. Athens. According to some of the French papers, the Greek architect Kleanthos, who has been commissioned to prepare plans for laying out the new city, has been removed from his post, in consequence of his favouring some of the present occupiers of the ground intended to be built on. Upon the same authority, we are informed that it was his idea to bring together all the most striking beauties of the principal cities of Europe; the Piazza di San Marco at Venice, the Palais Royal, the Tuileries, &c. &c. If such was literally to have been the case; if the architect really intended to desecrate the classic site of Athens by copies of the Parisian buildings, and so to Frenchify the new Grecian metropolis, his dismissal is not a circumstance for regret. At all events, it is certain that Klenze set out for Greece on the 16th of July in order to give the government his advice as to the project for the future city and the residence of its sovereign. It seems that it is intended to provide at first for a population of about 80,000 inhabitants, besides those in the Piræus, which is to constitute a seaport town. W. H. London, Sept. 1834. AUSTRALIA. I have to thank you for Part. I. of your Encyclopedia of Cottage Architecture, sent to me through the medium of the editor of the Sydney Gazette. You will think it strange, but the admirable arrangements that it describes do not seem at all suited to our colony: not only the climate, but the habits of the people, the servants, and the mode of living peculiar to a new country, seem to militate against those refinements that even in an old country cannot be easily introduced. We require refinements of a different description; and I never take up a work on any of the countries bordering the Mediterranean, but I observe many little things, the results of experience, that might be introduced here with advantage. Could you not devote some papers in the Architectural Magazine to the architectural arrangements suitable to our colony, pointing out the different styles of building and interior distribution used in |