“China, would be sweet indeed if their scent proceeded from sweet"ness of temper."

The participle preterite is formed from the infinitive by changing into ୪୬

prinkled; from which participle and پاشیده arrived رسیده as

the auxiliary verbs and

and the paffive voice ; as

are made feveral compound tenfes,

Ibad پاشیده بودم,I have Jprinkled پاشیده ام .Iwas prinkled پاشیده شدم I hall have prinkled پاشیده باشم,Jprinkled

هم جان بدان دو نرگس جادو سپرده ایم

هم دل بدان دو سنبلهندو نهاده ایم

We have given up all our fouls to those two inchanting narciffus's (eyes), we have placed all our hearts on those two black hyacinths (locks of hair).

The Perfians are very fond of the participle preterite; and it is very often used by their elegant writers to connect the members of a sentence, and to suspend the sense till the close of a long period: in poetry it sometimes is ufed like the third perfon preterite of a verb, as in this fine couplet:

فروغ جام و قدح نور ماه پوشیده عذار مغبچگان راه آفتاب زده

"The brightness of the cup and the goblet obfcures the light of the

66 moon ; the cheeks of the young cup-bearers fteal the splendour of "the fun."

In the ode from which this couplet is taken every distich ends with the word oj for j be struck.

In compofition the infinitive is contracted by rejecting,

as

خواهم

,I will be ; fo Hafiz شد

نفس باد صبا مشک فشان خواهد شد عالم پیر دگر باره جوان خواهد شد

The breath of the western gale will foon shed musk around; the old world will again be young.

توان

This short infinitive is likewise used after imperfonal verbs, as it is poffible to do; ♫ it is necessary to do; thus Hafiz, the

Anacreon of Perfia,

بسعی خود نتوان برد گوهر مقصود

خیال تست که این کار بیحواله برآید

"It is impoffible to attain the jewel of thy wishes by thy own endeait is a vain imagination to think that it will come to thee

<< vours ;

"without affistance."

and the poet quoted in the history of Cazvini,

روزگار نامه کردار شماست برانجا کردار نیکو باید گماشت

،، The

"The life of man is a journal, in which he must write only good

"actions."

رس

رسيدن

The imperative is regularly formed by throwing away the termination from the infinitive, as arrive thou, from to arrive: the letter is often prefixed to the imperative, as Say thou; fear thou; fo Ferdufi in his noble satire against a king who had flighted him;

ایا شاہ محمود کشور کشاي زمن گر نترسی بترس از خداي

خيزيدي چرا خاطر تیز من

نترسیدی از تیغ خون ریزمن

O king Mahmud, thou conqueror of regions, if thou fearest not me, at least fear God! why haft thou inflamed my wrathful temper? doft thou not dread my blood-dropping fword ?

It must be here obferved, that the negatives & and ♬ are changed in do not ask ;

the imperative into

and as

مپرس

"I have felt the pain of love; ask not of whom: I have tafted the

،،

poison of absence; ask not from whom.”

Before

Before verbs beginning with elif the letters ♬

and —, as beforeĨare used bring thou, do

دبي

ساقیا ساغر شراب بیار

يكدو ساغر شراب ناب بیار

Boy, bring a cup of wine; bring a few more cups of

pure wine."

كو شمع میارید در این جمع كه امشب در مجلس ما ماه رخ دوست تمامست در مجلس ما عطر مياميز كه جانرا هر دم ز سر زلف تو خوشبوي مشاهست

Say, bring no tapers into our affembly, for this night the moon of my ،، beloved's cheek is at its full in our banquet ; Jprinkle no perfume “in our apartment, for to our minds the fragrance that constantly “. proceeds from thy locks is fufficiently pleafing."

انگیز

انگیز, عشرت

The contracted participle used in compound epithets is exactly the same with the imperative, as excite thou, als mirthexciting; j inflame thou,

world-inflaming, Getiafrose,

the name of a fairy in the Perfian tales tranflated by Colonel Dow.

The participles of the present tense are formed by adding, I or

arriving; which laft رسنده and را سان to the imperatives نده

participle is often used for a noun of action, as oxijų a player.

From

From the imperative alfo is formed the conjunctive tense or aorift by

adding to it the ufual personal termination, as from come thou, NoĨI

may or roill come.

چو آفتاب مي از مشرق پياله برآید زباغ عارض ساتي هزار لاله برآید

"When the fun of the wine fhall rife from the east of the cup, a thou"fand tulips will spring from the garden of the cup-bearer's cheek."

By this affected, yet lively allegory, the poet only means that "the cup"bearer will blush when he shall present the wine to the guests."

For the most part this form of the Perfian verb, which the grammarians properly call the aorift, or indefinite tense, answers to the potential mood of other languages, and is governed by conjunctions as in Latin and English: this will be seen more clearly in the following example taken from the life of Nader Shah;

بر دانایان رموز آگاهي و دقیقه یابان حکمتهاي آلهي واضح است که در هر عهد و اوان که اوضاع جهان مختلف و پریشان و چرخ ستمكر بكام ستكکیشان کردد خداوند یگانه که مدیر این کارخانه و مقلب اوضاع زمانه است از فیض بي منتهاي خود سعادتمندیرا موید و در عرصه كيتي مبسوط اليد کند که بهراهم مراحم و رافت بالتيام جراحات قلوب ستمدیدگان پردازد و مذاق تمناي تلخکامان زهر حوادث را بشهد عدالت شیرین

سازد