for,

asایشان for شان The poets often ufe

همیرفتم و كوفتم مغزشان

تهي كردم از پیکر نغز شان

I went, and bruised their helmets; I disfigured their beautiful faces.

o, as اوي or و or وي is often changed into او After a prepofition

چون شاه جهاندار بنمود روي

شد پیش اوي زمینرا ببوسید و

When the king of the world showed his face, the general kiffed the

ground, and advanced before him.

Ferdufi.

in, the letter is inferted to prebedo for g↳ beö in it; the same may be obferv

Sometimes after the prepofition vent the hiatus, as

ed of

bedân for

bëân in that,

bedeen for in this.*

* In the fame manner and from the fame motive the old Romans added a d to many words followed by a vowel; thus Horace, if we adopt the reading of Muretus, uses tibid for tibi.

Omne crede diem tibid illuxiffe fupremum.

The

The poffeffives are the fame with the perfonals, and are distinguished by being added to their substantives; as

They are often expressed in the fingular number by these final letters em, ☺ et, and esh, and after an I or by pl am, ash: but after nouns ending in I elif or " vau the letter

୪

lat, and wil ya is inserted

In poetry, and fometimes in profe, the oblique cafes of the perfonal pronouns are also expressed by and, as

Joy be to Shiraz and it charming borders! O heaven, preserve it from decay.

ش

تو

These oblique cafes are joined to any word in the fentence which the poet finds convenient; thus in the couplet juft quoted the pronoun it is added to Jj; fo in the following diftich, the dative of thou, is placed after the conjunction_gher if.

بهي

سجاده رنگين كن كرت پیر مغان كويد که سالک بیخبر نبود زراه و رسم منزلها

Tinge the facred carpet with wine, if the master of the feast orders thee; for he that travels is not ignorant of the ways and manners of banquet-houfes.

Our reciprocal pronouns own and self are expreffed in Persian by the following words, which are applicable to all perfons and fexes; as

خودش or خود .Nom

خویش or خویشتن خوي or

خود را ,Oblique

خویشتن را

thus

thus we may use

خود

.our felves ما خود

.your felves شما خود

.myself من خود

thyself تو خود

*.themfelves ایشان خود

.bis or berself او خود

is also joined like the Latin ipfe to every person of a verb, as

Sing.

Plur.

.ipi venimus خود آمدیم .ipfi veniftis خود آمدید :ipfi venerunt خود آمدند

.ipfe veni خود آمدم

ipfe veniti خود آمدي .ipfe venit خود آمد

The word feems to be redundant in the following beautiful lines

of Sadi,

داني چه گفت مرا ان بلبل سحري تو خود چه آدمی کز عشق بيخبري

Dost thou know what the early nightingale said to me? “What fort “of man art thou, that canft be ignorant of love ?"

* I here ufe bis felf and their felves instead of the corrupted words himself and themselves; in which usage I am justified by the authority of Sidney, and of other writers in the reign of Elizabeth: self feems to have been originally a noun, and was, perhaps, a synonymous word for foul; according to Locke's definition of it," Self is that conscious thinking thing, which is fenfible or conscious of pleasure and pain, capable of happiness and misery:" if this obfervation be just, the Arabs have exactly the same

نفسه في نهر oul, anfwers precifely to our felf as نفس idiom, for their صبي رمي

a boy threw his felf into a river."

When

When is used as a pronoun poffeffivè, it answers to the Greek persposs and fignifies my, thy, our, your, his or ber, and their, according to the person and number of the principal verb in the sentence; as in this couplet of Hafiz,

I fee no man, either among the nobles or the populace, to whom I

can trust the secret of my afflicted heart.

When

een is prefixed to a noun, so as to form one word, it is fre

امشب

quently changed into pl im, as imfheb to-night;

ام

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