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; Saddar the name of a Perfian book صددر as س

عطر

and has nearly the fame found with as

otr effence; a word often used in English, fince our connection with India, to denote the

precious perfume called otter of rofes.

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The word is Arabick, as the

and differ very little from j; ↳

and may be expressed by zz, as

Khezzar the name of a pro خضر : Nezzami the name of a poet نظامي

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These two letters are extremely harsh in the pronunciation of the Arabs. The found of says Meninski, eft vox vituli matrem vocantis ; but in Persian it is a fort of vowel, and answers generally to our broad

a, as

عرب is

وع

Arab the Arabians;

عين

áin a fountain. Sometimes it has a found like our o, as in the word before-mentioned,

otr perfume.

As to it is commonly pronounced in Perfia like our hard gb in the ¿ word ghost, as ¿¿ gholám a boy, a fervant.

ف

has the found of ƒ in fall, as J's an omen.

and ق

is another harsh Arabick letter, but in Perfian it is often confounded with S, which has the found of our k, as

Ker کرمان

mán the province of Carmania; Kaf a fabulous mountain in the

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When

has three points above it, the Perfians give it the sound of

¿lömb ́ ́gulistán

g in the word gay, as guliftán a bed of roses; but these points

are very

seldom written in the Persian manuscripts; so that the distinction between Sk and g can be learned only by use: thus they

often write

rofe-water, and pronounce it gulab.

ن م ل

See the remark on These letters are the liquids 1, m, n, r.

هرات

is a slight aspiration, and is often redundant, as behár the spring, which is pronounced almost like beár; Herat a city in the province of Corafan, which the Greeks call Aria: therefore is the b of the French in honnête, whence came our honeft without an aspiration. At the end of a word it frequently founds like a vowel, as &ke, which has the same sense and pronunciation as the Italian che which.

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neez also; but the short vowels are expreffed by small marks, two of

which are placed above the letter, and one below it, as as ba or be, bo or bu; thus,

be or bi,

ب

أَكَرْ أَن تُرى شيرازي بدست آرد دل مارا

بخال هندویش بخشم سمرقند و بخارا را

Egher

Egher ân turki Shirázi bedeft âred dili mára

Bekháli hinduish bakfhem Samarcand u Bokhárára.

سمرقندي

The mark o placed above a confonant shows that the fyllable ends with it, as Sa-mar-can-di a native of Samarcand; the first of which fyllables is fhort, the second and third long by position, and the last long by nature: but this belongs to the profody. These short vowels are very seldom written in the Persian books; and the other orthographical marks are likewise ufually fuppreffed except Medda ~, Hamza, and Tefhdid "; the two first of which are most common. Medda above an | gives it a very broad found, as supplies the place of in words that end in

$

୪;

آن

aun: Hamza it therefore fometimes re

prefents the article, as a nameï a book, or denotes the former of two substantives, as i àili náfeï mushk a bag of musk; or, lastly, it

marks the second person fingular in the compound preterite of a verb,

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as 。l dádéï, which would regularly be lol

given. Teshdid shews a confonant to be doubled, as of hair.

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The omiffion of the short vowels will at firft perplex the student; fince many words that are compounded of the fame confonants, have different senses according to the difference of the vowels omitted: but until he has learned the exact pronunciation of every word from a native, he may give every short vowel a kind of obfcure found very common in English, as in the words fun, bird, mother, which a Mahometan would write without any vowel, fn, brd, mthr; thus the Persian word No bd may be pronounced like our bud.

and Ya S are often used as consonants, like our v and

;

y; thus,

و Vau

ین javan juvenis, giovane, young جوان : Van a town in Armenia وان

Yemen, that province of Arabia which we call the happy; julas Khodayár, a proper name fignifying the friend of God. before |

.khan a table خوان often lofes its found as

I would not advise the learner to study the parts of speech until he can read the Persian characters with tolerable fluency; which he will foon be able to do, if he will spend a few hours in writing a page or two of Persian in English letters, and restoring them after a short interval to their proper characters by the help of the alphabet. I shall close this section with a piece of Persian poetry written both in the Afiatick and European characters: it is an ode by the poet Hafiz, the first couplet of which has been already quoted; and a translation of it shall be inferted in its proper place.

بده ساتي مي باتي که در جنت نخواهي يانت کنار آب رکناباد و گلگشت مصادرا

Bedéh fákée meï bákée ke der jennet nekháhi yaft,

Kunári âbi rucnabád va gulghshéti musellára.

فغان کین لولیان شوخ شیرینگار شهر آشوب چنان بردند صبر از دل که ترکان خوان یغمارا

Fugán keïn lulián fhokhi fhiringári fhehrâfhob

Chunán berdendi fabr az dil ke turkan khani yagmára.

عشق ناتمام ما جمال یار مستغنیست بآب و رنگ و خال و خط چه حاجت روي زيبارا

Ze eshki nátemámi má jemáli yári mustagnist
Beâb u reng u khál u khatt che hájet ruyi zibára.

حدیث از مطرب و مي گو و راز دهر کمتر جو که کس نکشود و نکشاید بحکمت این معمارا

'Hadís az mutreb u mei gú va rázi dehri kemter jú
Ke kes nekshud u nekshaied behikmet ein moammára.

من از آن حسن روز افزون که یوسف داشت دانستم که عشق از پرده عصمت برون ارد زلیخارا

Men az ân hufni ruzafzún ke yusuf dashti danestem
Ke eshk ez perdéï ismet berún ared zuleikhára.

نصیحت گوش کن جانا که از جان دوستتر دارند جوانان سعادتمند پند پیر دانارا

Nasíhet góshi kun iána ke az jân dostiter darend

Juvánáni faádetmendi pendi péeri danára

بدم گفتی و خرسندم عفاك الله نکو گفتی جواب تلخ میزیید لب لعل شکر خوارا

Bedem

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