ing within his party lines, to throw his sovereign power by vote, by influence, or by example, in favor of an unpatriotic, unreliable, incompetent, and corrupt man for office. And just here come in all the reforms that may be wrought through political and government agencies. Though it is a great moral and social question, closely relating to the purity of society, yet we think that the temperance reform, as it is now related to taxes, to social order and morals, is one of the vital interests that must be wrought into the politics of communities, of the States, and of our nation. While we doubt the propriety and utility of a third party on this subject, we do think that temperance men should see to it that the principles of this reform permeate all society, that the popular mind be well instructed, that the right style of men be nominated for and elected to the several offices in the gift of the people, but not on only one issue. We would place this politico-religious reform just where we place popular education and common schools, civil and religious liberty, as one important matter, in the political creed of the people, not only by indoctrinating them, but by enlightening them also. As Romish officials are united in their efforts to gain ascendency in politics, less by educating their adherents to a high place of thought and morals, so we should both know and appreciate the value of our national institutions, and be united to promote in all suitable ways the intelligence and morality of the whole people. In the flush of hoped-for success through one of the political parties of this country, Romanists have put it on record that "education itself is the business of the spiritual society alone, and not of the secular society. The instruction of children and youth is included in the sacrament of orders, and the State usurps the functions of the spiritual society when it turns educator. The organization of the schools, their entire internal arrangement and management, the choice and regulation of studies, and the selection, appointment, and dismissal of teachers, belong exclusively to the spiritual authority." These are daring and impudent utterances. No man nor body of men not in allegiance to a foreign power rather than to the Constitution of the United States, though resident here, would dare make them. They are utterly opposed both to good citizenship and to the best interests of our country. And as instances of what would be the results, if carried out, in this country, we need only refer to Mexico, the South American States, Portugal, Spain, and to Rome, where for centuries these people have had the control and direction of the educational, as, also, of the religious forces. Shame on the American citizen, or even resident, who penned and caused to be published in this country these monstrous sentiments. ART. V.-CESNOLA'S CYPRUS AND CYPRIOTE ART. Cyprus: Its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Temples. A Narrative of Researches and THE handsome volume before us, in which General di Cesnola has recorded the results of his explorations on the island of Cyprus, is supplemented in a very happy way by the popular lectures, wherein he sets forth his views respecting the bearing of his discoveries upon the development of ancient art. Together these two sources of information add greatly to our knowledge respecting a very interesting, but hitherto obscure, portion of the story of the intellectual progress of the human race. The historic island of Cyprus, to which so much attention has of late been turned, partly because of its recent transfer to the control of Great Britain, partly, also, in consequence of the archæological discoveries here described, is, more than any other single spot on the earth's surface, the point where the East and the West, Semitic and Japhetic influences, have met and intermingled. This was inevitable from its geographical position. From the Cypriote Cape Crommyon to Anemuryon, on the southern coast of Asia Minor, is a distance of scarcely more than forty miles, and in clear weather the hills of Cilicia can be descried from the site of the ancient city of Soli. On the east, the strait between Cyprus and Syria is not very much wider. From the promontory of Diuaretum to the city of Ramitha, or Laodicea, the sail is but between sixty and seventy miles. Seleucia, the sea-port of Antioch, was about ten miles farther distant in a more northerly direction. As a straight line drawn from Tyre or Sidon to the nearest point of the south-eastern shores of Cyprus measures barely one hundred and twenty miles, even the timid sailors of the earliest age of Phoenician commerce could without much trepidation make a direct run to the island with a favoring wind. The snow-capped tops of the Lebanon range would scarcely disappear from view before the eager eyes of the pilot caught sight of the outlines of the Cypriote Olympus traced against the western sky. What might, therefore, have been anticipated actually came to pass. The very first voyages of the Phoenicians of Tyre and Sidon, as soon as they ceased to hug the shore of the mainland, were in the direction of Cyprus, scarcely more than half as distant from their settlements as were the mouths of the Nile. The name by which Cyprus was known to the Phoenicians, and through them to the Hebrews, was Chittim, evidently the same as the classical town of Citium, built on the side of the island turned toward Phoenicia, and in all likelihood the first point where the Sidonians landed. General di Cesnola, a native of Italy, but an adopted citizen of the United States, took up his abode in Cyprus on Christmas-day, 1865. He had served with distinction in our army during the War of the Rebellion, and had been appointed by President Lincoln, a few days before his assassination, to the post of Consul of the United States at Cyprus. The selection was a fortunate one, and the position congenial to Cesnola's tastes. Although the miserable little town of Larnaca, the residence of the consular corps, is a sufficiently dreary residence for a stranger dependent for his enjoyment upon congenial society and the appliances of civilized life, it presented a rare opportunity to one so fond of scholarly research as Cesnola for indulging in explorations for which he was destined to develop great aptitude and tact. As the necessary duties of his office do not seem to have occupied him very closely, it was not long before he began to look about for the best field for his fascinating pursuit. The town of Larnaca was the most convenient point for making a beginning, and there could be no doubt that it occupied very nearly the site of the ancient Citium; but it had the disadvantage of having been somewhat explored already, and there was the further drawback of too close proximity to the Turkish authorities. Nevertheless, the discoveries at this point were by no means insignificant. The Phoenician origin of the city had been, before Cesnola's visit, established by a considerable number of inscriptions, and the closeness of its early intercourse with the remoter East was proved by a slab of basalt, found in 1846, upon which is portrayed an Assyrian figure, the counterpart of many of the figures brought from Nineveh by Mr. Layard. The cuneiform inscription upon the slab proves that in the reign of Sargon (707 B. C.) the king of Citium was one of six Cypriote kings that paid homage to the great Assyrian monarch. On a low hill overlooking the salt lake to the west of the "Marina," or landingplace of Larnaca, there had for the past twenty years come to light great quantities of small terra cotta figures of curiously diversified shapes. It was here that, in 1866, Cesnola began, in a mere amateur way, as he tells us, the explorations which were afterward to expand into very serious undertakings: and during his residence at Larnaca he opened, chiefly here, more than three thousand tombs. They were almost all of the Greek age, dating from 400 B. C. to 200 A. D. Some interesting sarcophagi and vases rewarded the general's labors. It may be noted, as another of the evidences so frequently recurring of the practice of Orientals in all ages to secrete the precious metals on account of prevailing insecurity, that in one of the tombs opened by Cesnola's workmen, in 1870, a bronze vase was discovered closed at the top with a leaden cover, in which there were nine hundred and ninety gold staters of Philip and his son Alexander. The intense heat of summer upon the coast led General Cesnola to seek a retreat for himself and his family in the interior. Fortunately he had set his eyes upon a delightful grove of lemon and orange-trees in which nestled a white cottage. This was on the way from Larnaca and Nicosia, the political capital of the island, some fifteen miles north-west of the former, and in the neighborhood of a village bearing the name of Dali. Here our explorer established himself in the hot season for several successive years. The modern name of the village pointed not doubtfully to the identity of the site with that of the ancient town Idalium, and the conjecture advanced many years ago by Engel, in his "Kypros," was soon confirmed by the discoveries of conclusive proof that a large population had once dwelt here. At Dali, too, Cesnola had been preceded by other less fortunate explorers, one of whom in a letter to M. Ernest Renan, published in the Revue Archéologique, of October, 1862, declared, a little too positively, that "nothing more could be found at Dali!" "Happily," Cesnola quietly remarks, "neither Mr. Lang nor I accepted seriously these hasty conclusions, otherwise much valuable archæological information concerning the island, brought to light by Mr. Lang from a temple, and by me from some fifteen thousand tombs, might have remained still buried." As the last remark hints, the chief interest of Dali centers in the immense necropolis, or, rather, series of necropoles, recently brought to light. At first the tombs were found at an average depth of only about five to eight feet. The style of construction was very uniform and simple, a hemispherical cavity cut horizontally in the earth, and measuring about eight feet in diameter. The walls and roof were made of moistened clay mixed with fine cut straw to give it increased cohesion. Each tomb had contained either two or three occupants, arranged in one prescribed manner, and accompanied by sepulchral vases, etc. There is reason for astonishment that so large a proportion of these primitively built tombs have withstood the pressure of the ground above them, and that the vaults of so few have fallen in and destroyed the contents. In fact, the preservation of the objects that were placed by the side of the dead is surprisingly good in every respect. It would seem that this is partly the result of the percolation of fine dry earth through the porous material of the sides of the tombs, filling them up to within a few inches of the roof, and effectually shielding the most delicately wrought objects from decay. "After many years the contents of these tombs became, as it were, tightly packed up and preserved in almost as perfect a condition as when they were first interred." By the end of the first summer several hundred tombs had been opened, all of the same character, and all, as Cesnola was convinced, of Phoenician origin. The vases were of every vari |