specimens from the collections of the Bombay Natural History Society. These include excellent examples of all the Indian bovines : several species of wild sheep, wild goats, serows, goral and takin; heads of nilgai, black buck, and chinkara, and of the muntjac, bara singh, Kashmir stag, and the rare shou; and sambar, spotted deer and swamp deer give a representative illustration of the various species of Indian antelopes and deer. Good heads of African animals are also shown. Among the specimens of carnivora are a fine lion, some excellent tiger skins and a record tiger skull, besides other very interesting examples of the Felida The Indian wolf and other examples of the Canido are well represented, and good exhibits of the brown and sloth bears are shown. The Insectivorous Mammals and Rodentia are represented by a large series of skins and case specimens. The Birds' Section contains besides many beautiful specimens, a collection of drawings by Gronwold. The Reptiles include an exhibit illustrating the various poisonous snakes of the country, and resemblances between certain poisonous and non-poisonous species. Fishes and insects form an interesting feature of this section.

Forest Section.-This includes most interesting specimens of timbers grown in the Bombay Presidency.

The Royal Institute of Science.— This important group of buildings owes its inception to Lord Sydenham, formerly Governor of Bombay, who laid the foundation-stone in 1911, and to the generosity of Sir Jacob Sassoon, Sir Cowasji Jehangir, Sir Currimbhoy Ebrahim, and Sir Vasanji Tricumji Mulji, who furnished contributions for the erection of the various units. The scheme consists of a College of Science occupying a three-storey

block fronting Mayo Road, a science library, a public hall at the corner of Mayo Road and Esplanade Road, and a block of examination schools facing Esplanade Road. The building, which is Renaissance in character, is constructed of yellow basalt stone, obtained from quarries in the vicinity of Bombay. The architect was Mr G. Wittet, F.R.I.B.A.

The Elphinstone College, removed from Byculla in 1890, now occupies a large building in the Romanesque Transition style, which cost 7 lakhs of rupees. The main hall is called after Sir Cowasjee Jehangir Readymonéy, in recognition of his large contribution for the purpose of building the original institution. The Elphinstone Institution was founded as a memorial to the Hon. Mountstuart Elphinstone, the Governor of Bombay. In 1856 it was divided into a High School (see p. 16), and this College for the higher education of Indians. In 1862 Sir Alexander Grant, Bart., was Principal of the College, and some distinguished scholars have filled Professorships, as, for instance, Mirza Hairat, who translated Malcolm's History of Persia into Persian. In the library is a portrait of Elphinstone by Sir T. Lawrence. The State Record Office and Patent Office occupy the W. wing of the College. Amongst the records are preserved the oldest document relating to the Indian Empire, a letter from Surat (1630), and the letter of the Duke of Wellington announcing the victory at Assaye.

The Mechanics' or Sassoon Institute was founded originally in 1847, but refounded and renamed by David Sassoon and his son Sir Albert in 1870, and cost £15,000. Lectures are delivered and prize medals awarded. In the entrance hall is a statue of Mr David

Sassoon, by Woolner. also a good library.

There is

On the

From here Esplanade Road, with the Bombay Club on its W. side beyond the University Gardens, leads to Church Gate Street and Hornby Road. On the W. side of the entrance to the latter are the lofty Oriental Buildings, and a little beyond them on the same side of the road are the Chartered Bank and Standard Buildings, while a little back in Outram Road is the Cathedral High School for boys. right is the lofty building of the Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy Institute, founded in 1849 by Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy, who, with Lady Avabai, his wife, set apart for the purpose 3 lakhs of rupees and 25 shares in the Bank of Bengal, to which the Parsi Panchayat added 35 shares more. The Government of India are the trustees, and pay interest at 6 per cent. on the 3 lakhs, and the capital of the Institution now amounts to 12 lakhs. The income is divided into 400 shares, of which 180 go for the Boys' and Girls' Schools in Bombay, 70 for those in Surat, and 150 for charities for the poor. Farther N. rise two great architectural piles, one on either hand-the Terminus Station and Offices of the G.I.P. Railway to the E., and the Municipal Offices on the W. Between them, on a circular garden plot, is a statue, by Brock, of the late Sir Dinshaw Petit, first Baronet.

The Victoria Station is elaborately ornamented with sculpture and surmounted by a large central dome. The architect was F. W. Stevens, C.I.E.; the style is Italian Gothic, with certain Oriental modifications in the domes. It cost the Railway Company £300,000, and was completed in 1888. It is one of the handsomest buildings in Bombay and finest railway stations in India or any country, with the most excellent

and convenient arrangements in every respect. S. of it is the fine large structure of the General Post-Office in the Bijapur style of architecture (p. 496). S.E. of the railway station, in a well-laid-out garden, is St George's General Hospital for Europeans, with 140 beds; it has a convalescent home at Khandala (Route 26).

The Municipal Buildings were also designed by Mr Stevens, and were opened in 1893. The Oriental feeling introduced into the Gothic architecture has a pleasing effect. The tower, 255 ft. high, and surmounted by a masonry dome, can be seen from all parts of Bombay. The central gable terminates in a statue 13 ft. high, representing Urbs prima in Indis." The grand staircase is also crowned by an imposing dome. Immediately in front of the building is a statue by Derwent Wood of the late Sir Pherozeshah Mehta, who took a prominent part in the civic life of Bombay.

Opposite

these buildings Waudby Road leads S.W. to the Queen's Statue, passing the Gaiety and Novelty Theatres, the United Free Church of Scotland, the Masonic Hall, and the Alexandra School for Girls, founded by Mr Maneckjee Cursetjee, to the E. of it, and the open space of the Maidan or General Parade Ground and the Bombay Gymkhana Club on the W. At the corner of the Maidan, opposite the Municipał Buildings, is a statue of the late Mr Jamshedji Tata, flanked by allegorical figures.

From the Victoria Railway Station, Hornby Road continues N. up to the Crawford Market and the main residential quarters of the native city, passing on the left the Times of India Office, the Islamia School, the Church of the Holy Trinity, and the School of Art; while from the station the N.W. runs Cruikshank R in front of the Municipal Off

and past the Police Courts, the Allbless and Cama Hospitals, St Xavier's College, and the Elphinstone High School. On Carnac Road, which joins these two roads and forms the third side of a triangle with them, is the St Xavier's High School and the Gokaldas Tejpal General Hospital. The Improvement Trust road, which forms the first portion of the Eastern Avenue, leaves Carnac Road near the Crawford Market.

a

The Anjumani - Islam School was erected by the co-operation of Government, which gave the site, valued at Rs.158,000, with money grant of Rs.38,000, the Muhammadans themselves subscribing Rs.160,000, of which Rs.50,000 were set apart as an endowment. The building was opened by Lord Harris in 1893, and the erection of it marks an epoch in the history of the Muhammadan community. The building, which is of most pleasing appearance, and has a tower 125 ft. high, was designed by Mr J. Willcocks, of the Public Works Department.

to

The Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy School of Art, called after that distinguished Parsi gentleman, who contributed Rs. 100,000 wards it, was first opened for pupils in 1857. In 1877 the present handsome building was erected for it. Excellent drawings and designs are made here, as well as good pottery, arms, artistic work in silver and copper, and decorative carving in wood and stone. The buildings in Western India owe much of their beauty to students of this institution. The latest additions to it are the Sir George Clarke Studios and Technical Laboratories, which include the Art Pottery Works, where some beautiful designs, purely Indian in form and ornament, have been carried out. Mr Rudyard Kipling

born in Bombay, while his

father, Mr J. Lockwood Kipling, was Principal of the School.

The Gokaldas Tejpal Hospital, for Indians, can contain 150 patients, and is generally full. The annual number of out-patients is over 13,000. It owes its origin to a gift of £15,000 made by Mr Gokaldas Tejpal, and a similar gift by Mr Rustomjee Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy.

St Xavier's College, Cruikshank Road, and St Xavier's High School, Carnac Road, founded in 1867, are now separate institutions, both under the Jesuit fathers. The College, with 800 pupils for university studies, includes a highlyequipped science department. The High School (1200 pupils) is a massive building, with a high octagonal tower.

Opposite the High School is the Court of Small Causes. Near by, was formerly the Robert Money School, founded in 1838, but now removed to Girgaum and under the management of the C.M.S.

The Elphinstone High School is the Government public school of Bombay, and retained possession of the original buildings on this site when the College Department was separated to form the Elphinstone College. In front of it is a fine flight of steps.

The object of this school is to furnish a high-class and liberal education up to the standard of the University entrance examination, at fees within the reach of the middle-class people of Bombay and the districts. It has classes for the study of English, Marathi, Gujarati, Sanskrit, Latin, and Persian, and contains 28 classrooms, a large hall on the first floor, and a library. There are 700 scholars in the school under a Principal, and 42 masters; there are also instructors in drill and cricket. The building, which is 452 ft. long, was designed by Mr G. T. Molecey. Sir A. Sassoon

contributed 1 lakhs of rupees towards it.

The Pestonji Kama Hospital, for Women and Children, is a Gothic building containing 75 beds. It owes its existence to the gift of Rs.164,000 by Mr Pestonjee Hormusjee Cama, as the Allbless Obstetric Hospital beyond it does to the munificence of Mr Bomanjee Eduljee Allbless. The latter contains 30 beds. Both are under the Dufferin Fund and the sole management of lady doctors, the nursing being done by the Sisters of All Saints, who also nurse in the Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy and St George's Hospitals. Farther E., and adjoining the Municipal Offices, are the lofty buildings of the Esplanade Police Courts, erected in 1884-88.

The Crawford Market was founded by Mr Arthur Crawford, C.S., Municipal Commissioner from 1865 to 1871, and cost over II lakhs of Rs. It consists of a Central Hall, in which is a drinking fountain, given by Sir Cowasjee Jehangir Readymoney, surmounted by a Clock Tower, 128 ft. high. To the right is a wing, 150 ft. by 100 ft., in which are fruit and flowers, and on the left is another wing, 350 ft. by 100 ft., for vegetables, etc., etc. The whole is covered with a double iron roof. Over the entrance gate are bas-reliefs executed by Mr J. Lockwood Kipling. The ground is paved with flagstones from Caithness. In that collection of handsome and spacious halls

fish, flesh, vegetables, flowers, fruit, and general commodities are vended in separate buildings, all kept in admirable order and cleanliness, and all opening upon green and shady gardens (Edwin Arnold). There are many kinds of plantains or bananas; the finest are short, thick, and yellow. The best

oranges are those from Nagpur, and the best grapes are from Aurangabad. The mangoes arrive

in May; the best are grown about Mazagon,1 where, however, few trees now remain. The bulk of the mangoes now come from Bangalore and other places in the south. The Pummelow, the Citrus decumana, is particularly fine in Bombay. The Fish Market is at the end of the Mutton Market. The turtles come from Karachi, in Sind. The oysters are

Near

of moderate size and well-flavoured. The Palla fish, generally about 2 ft. long, the salmon of India, is excellent, but has many troublesome bones. The best fish of all is the pomflet, or pomfret, a flat fish. The Bombil, called by the English Bommelo and Bombay Duck, is a glutinous fish, much used when salted and dried. the fountain, with its beautiful shrubs, are seats for loungers. On the S. side is the Poultry Market, where fowls, ducks, turkeys, snipe, curlew, teal, and occasionally florican may be purchased when in season. The market well deserves a visit early in the morning, though the visitor must expect to find the crowd dense and the hubbub deafening.

A little N.W. of the market, extending to the Back Bay near the Marine Lines Station, is Princess Street, named after, and in 1905 opened by Her Majesty Queen Mary (then Princess of Wales). This was the first arterial thoroughfare opened by the City Improvement Trust. Another main one, Sandhurst Road, runs from the head of the Back Bay to Dongri Street, and through Naoroji Hill to the Docks. Another Trust road, Lamington Road, runs from Queen's Road to Jacob's Circle, past the Byculla Club.

N.E. of the market and between the main native city and the sea are the principal commercial docks of Bombay. The Victoria Dock (1885-88), covers 25 acres, and has

1 It was the failure of supplies of Mazagon mangoes which specially annoyed the Wazi Fazl-ud-din in Lala Rookh.

an entrance 80 ft. in width. Prince's Dock, lying N. of this and connected with it, was commenced during the Prince of Wales's visit in 1875-76. In excavating it the remains of a submerged forest were found at a depth of about 10 ft. The dock extends over 30 acres, and is capable of containing twenty ocean steamers. It is fitted with a tidal observatory. On the N.W. again is the Merewether Dry Dock, and adjacent to the docks is a whole street of warehouses and offices, round which the Harbour Mission centres. South of the Victoria Dock has been constructed the Alexandra Dock, of which the foundation - stone was laid by King George V. (then Prince of Wales) on 13th November 1905, and which is the largest in India. It extends S. of the Ballard Pier, and encloses an area of 49.52 acres. The depth of water in it is 47 ft., and the Hughes Dry Dock is 1000 ft. long, and has an entrance 100 ft. wide. The Dock was opened on the 21st of March 1914. The total cost of the works was nearly 600 lakhs. These developments were carried out under the professional charge of the Trust Engineer, Mr P. Glynn Messent, C.I.E.

All these docks were excavated on the estate known as the Elphinstone and Mody Bay Reclamations, which have taken in from the sea 483 acres, and have raised and improved 157 acres. The Elphinstone and the Mody Bay Reclamations, S. of the Victoria Dock, have transformed the Eastern foreshore of the island from a mud swamp to a busy mercantile quarter worthy of the Capital of Western India. A still greater scheme of reclamation is that more recently completed between Mazagon and Sewri. A grain depot has been established on this reclamation, as well as depots for cotton and coal. The Cotton Green has been moved from Colaba to this reclamation.

The whole of the Trustees'

Docks are now connected with the two railways which feed Bombay, namely, the G.I.P. Railway and B.B. and C.I. Railway, and by the Port Trust Railway, the point of junction being at Rowlee, about 6 m. North of the Alexandra Dock. The Port Trust is a body of twenty-one Trustees under an official Chairman.

The Dockyards of the P. & 0. Company and B.I.S.N. Company are worked as one, and called the Mazagon Docks Company, in the suburbs of Mazagon. The Ritchie Dock is 495 ft. long, and capable of receiving vessels of deep draught. Close by is the Electrical Power Station which lights the city and runs the tramway service.

In the City proper the streets and bazars are narrow and tortuous. Some of the houses are remarkably fine as works of art, and have been much influenced by the wooden architectural style of Gujarat. Their fronts are covered with carving, and in some cases they have projecting storeys supported upon elaborately sculptured corbels. Here and there are mosques and Hindu temples gaudily painted. The streets teem with life. Sir Edwin Arnold writes of them: "A tide of Asiatic humanity ebbs and flows up and down the Bhendi bazar, and through the chief mercantile thoroughfares. Nowhere could be seen a play of livelier hues, a busier and brighter city life. Besides the endless crowds of Hindu, Gujarati, and Mahratta people coming and going between rows of grotesquely-painted houses and temples, there are to be studied here specimens of every race and nation of the East."

There are nearly 3000 jewellers of the different Indian nationalities in Bombay, who find constant and lucrative employment. One of the most active industries is the