rear of the field of battle, to preclude all hopes of flight, from his army: and this (if true, for Gelali himself swam acrofs) by no means contradicts my opinion; because, in the neighbourhood of Attock, there must be many difficult places, Attock itself being on the only practicable part thereabouts.

But to return to Timur. After he had croffed the Indus over a bridge of boats*, we learn that the chiefs of the mountain of Jehud or Joud came to make their fubmiffions to him, as Ambifares, King of the fame country, did to Alexander, about 1730 years before. before. The Jehud mountains, are those which extend from Attock, eastward to Bember; and are a part of the territory of the mountaineers, fometimes, defigned under the name of Gickers, Gehkers, or Kakares.

Timur's first object after croffing the Indus, being to effect a junction with his grandfon Peer Mahmud's army, which was then befieging Moultan, he directed his courfe that way, instead of taking the common road to Delhi, by Rotas and Lahore. The neighbourhood of a navigable river, being a defireable object to an army marching through a dry fterile country, he pushed for the nearest part of the Behut, or Chelum river (the Hydafpes of Alexander) where he attacked and took the fortrefs and island of Sheabadin. After this, he marched as has been faid before, along the Chelum, and croffed that river, and the Jenaub, below their conflux; and went from thence to Toulomba, which we have juft left. This is a confiderable town, and a pass of confequence on the Rauvee river; and often occurs in Ferishta's hiftory of Hindooftan. It was in the neighbourhood of this place, that Alexander made war on the Malli, or people of ancient Moultan; as will be taken notice of, in its place. Timur staid here 6 days, and then proceeded with the whole army across the Baree Doabah† to Shawnawaz (or

October 11, 1398. The chronology of this event is differently ftated: I have followed M. de la Croix's tranflation.

+ The term Doab or Doabah has been explained before. See the Index.

Sha

Shanavas) a large and populous town near the north bank of the Beyah, after its feparation from the Setlege. Here he found more grain than his army could confume; whence we may infer the fertility of the country, which is low and flat, and fubject to periodical inundations like Bengal. Sherefeddin defcribes at this place a deep lake, fortified round with a wall, and defended by 2000 men. (This reminds one ftrongly of fomething similar at Sangala, which Alexander attacked, before he reached the Hyphafis; only the hill, which was fortified round with carriages, is wanting). Shawnawaz is about 95 B. miles from Lahore; and Sangala was only 3 days march from the place where the Hydraotes, (Rauvee) was croffed, fuppofing it to be at the place where Lahore ftands.

It was fomething more than a days march from Toulomba to Jengian, a town on the fouth bank of the Beyah, opposite to, and not far from Shawnawaz. As Timur's army was 3 days in paffing this river, fome in barks, and others by fwimming, it may be reckoned a confiderable river. Its distance from Moultan is given at 40 coffes and I have allowed 13 coffes for its diftance from Toulomba, in a fouth-eaft direction, as their distances from Moultan, indicate...

At Jengian, Timur ftaid 4 days, and was joined by Peer Mahimud, who had by this time taken Moultan. Timur's next station is Jehaul, two days march from Jengian, on the road to Delhi: and here he separated from his grand army, which he directed to proceed by Debalpour, and to rendezvous at Semanah, a town 80 or go coffes on the weft of Delhi; while he proceeded with 10,000 horfe to Batnir or Battenize +, aftrong fortrefs about 70' coffes from Jehaul, and far to the right of the Delhi road; being beyond the defert which ftretches along the fouth fide of the Setlege He was led to this place, from refentment, at its giving protection

Sherefeddin. + The name of this place does not occur in the Ayin Acharee.""

to the people of Debalpour, who had maffacred a garrison of Peer Mahmud's: and poffibly the great reputation it had for ftrength, might be one inducement to undertake the fiege of it; as Aornos, in like manner invited Alexander.

Timur, after leaving Jehaul, proceeded the first day to Adjodin, (of which we have spoken before) a town included in one of the large iflands formed by the branches of the Setlege: and this being 3 days march from Jengian, I estimate the distance from it at 30 coffes, or 43 G. miles. As the Delhi and Batnir roads, feparated at Jehaul, Adjodin may probably lie SE from it: and the whole courfe from Jengian may be taken at E S E.

At Adjodin, Timur vifited, and spent some time in devotion, at the tomb of Sheik Furrid (see page 81) and then fet forward for Batnir; which is ftated by Sherefeddin at 60 coffes from Adjodin. This may be reckoned 85 G. miles: and the distance from Batnir to Semanah, appears to be 8 days march, in which he was fometimes delayed by his military operations; yet having a light army, it may be supposed that he marched 85 coffes in the 8 days *. And from Semanah to Panniput, the number of coffes are given at: 52; fo that the whole number 137, from Batnir, may be ftated at 193 G. miles: fomething being deducted for the defert nature. of the country, in the Batnir province.

If therefore 60 coffes, or 85 G. miles, be laid off from Adjodin to Batnir, and 193 from Panniput; the interfection will place Batnir in lat. 28° 39′, lon. 73° 20′; and it will bear about SSE E from Adjodin.

On the fouth-east of Adjodin, a few coffes, Timur eroffed the river Dena; which I take to be one of the four branches of the Setlege, (poffibly the Dond) and perhaps the only principal one among them, except the Beyah, already noticed..

Two days marches are mentioned, one day 14 or 15 coffes; another 18 coffes. It is not easy to collect the distance from Sherefeddin's account of Timur's marches: but we find he was eight days on the march.

+ Sherefeddin.

It must not be omitted that Timur croffed an extenfive defert in his way to Batnir: I mention this particular to fhew that Alexander was not misinformed, when he was told that there was a desert beyond the Hyphasis *. After taking and destroying Batnir, which employed only a few days +, he marched on the 30th of November, taking nearly the ftraight road to Semanah; where he joined his grand army on the 8th of December 1398.

His march from Semanah to Delhi, about 88 coffes, appears to have taken up 12 days; whence we may collect, that the common marches of his grand army, were about 7 coffes each day; or about 14 or 15 British miles, by the road..

On his return, he made an excurfion to the north-eaft into the Doab, took the city of Merat, or Mevat, (called Mirte by de la Croix) 30 coffes from Delhi, and advanced to the Ganges, near the place where it iffues out of the Sirinagur mountains. Toglocpour, and the ftraits of Cupele, two places of victory on the eastern bank of the Ganges, cannot now be recognised: but from Sherefeddin's account of the march, they cannot be far from Loldong; where the British army completed their campaign in 1774, 1100 British miles from Calcutta 1.

From the banks of the Ganges, he proceeded to the north-weft, along the foot of the Sewalic mountains, by Meliapour, Jallindar, and Jummoo, to the frontiers of Cashmere: and from Cashmere, across the mountainous and defert country of the Kakares § or Gehkers, to the Indus, which he croffed at the fame place as before, and in the fame manner; and returned to Samarcand by way of Ba nou, Nagaz, Kermudge, Cabul, Bacalan, and Termed.

* Quintus Curtius.

Batair is reprefented as a very ftrong place, and yet Timur is faid to have taken only a body of horse with him (and indeed the extraordinary length of one of his marches feems to prove it). Did he reduce the place without artillery?

At the time of Timur's conqueft (139) the British nation had scarely been announced to the people of Hindooftan; nor was it till 200 years afterwards, that they found their way thither. Who could have believed that the British conquefts would meet thofe of Tamerlane, in a point equidiftant from the mouths of the Ganges and Indus, in 1774?

§ The Gickers of Dow.

I have purfued Timur's marches, although beyond the limits of the present section; in order that the thread of it might not be broken. I now return to the Panjab.

map at

The bearing and diftance of Jummoo from Lahore, and that of Bullaufpour from Ludhana; determine the breadth of the Panjab country, north-eaftward. Jummoo is given in the Perfian 50 coffes from Lahore, north-eafterly; and this I have followed, as the best authority. Col. Murray's map gives 54 coffes, nearly north; but this bearing is difproved by Mr. Forster's observations: for Cashmere lies about N by W, 97 coffes from Jummoo, and is 135 coffes from the bank of the Indus *, 20 miles above Attock ; which the interval would not allow, if Cashmere lay to the weft of the meridian of Lahore.

Bullaufpour, a fort on the Setlege, within the mountains, I have only the authority of the Persian map, and fome vague MSS. for: and it is placed in the map 70 G. miles NE from Ludhana. Col. Murray's map gives the distance at 79 miles, in the fame direction. The Persian map fills up the space pretty amply, between the Lahore road and the mountains from whence we fuppofe the Panjab rivers to fpring: and had Mr. Forster's journal from the Ganges to Jummoo, through the mountains, been left in England, this part might have been rendered more perfect; for he entered the mountains at Loldong, croffed the Ganges and Jumna rivers within the hills, and then went by Bullaufpour to Jummoo.

By the aid of the Perfian map, and other MS. maps, (particularly the one furnished by Col. Murray) I have been enabled to give the road from Vizierabad to Yehungfaul, through the Retchna Doabah, with many other pofitions in and about the Panjab. The road from Jummoo to Beroudge, &c. is from Sherefeddin. Debalpour is known to be on the great road from Delhi to Moultan: and the divifions of the country in the Ayin Acbaree point out its fituation,

By Mr. Forfer's jonrnal.

to