of 360 G. miles, measured after an army, that a pofition, in or near that line, should be 10 or 12 miles out of the fuppofed line of direction. It is conformable to my idea of the distances of Nagpour, Cuddapah, and Warangole, that Hydrabad should be in 17° 12′, rather than in 17° 24′; and I have accordingly followed M. D'Anville giving the lines between it and Aurungabad on the one fide, and Condapilly on the other, a new direction accordingly. Although by proportioning M. Buffy's march from Bezoara, Hydrabad is placed in 78° 51′ longitude; or only 114 G. miles. from Bezoara, yet the different reports of the diftance between these places, is much greater than the conftruction allows. For 114 miles will produce only 87 coffes, according to the proportion of 46 to a degree (which is the refult of the calculation made on the. road between Aurungabad and Masulipatam, page 4) whereas, one account from General Jofeph Smith, ftates the number of coffes at 98; and another from a native at 103. Again, Col. Upton reckoned 118 coffes between Hydrabad and Ellore, which the conftruction allows to be only 138 G. miles; or 105 coffes according to the fame proportion of 46 to a degree. So that I have either mistaken the longitude of Hydrabad, which is improbable, all circumstances confidered; or the cofs is even fmaller than I have fuppofed. Or, the road leading through a hilly and woody country, is more crooked than ordinary *: and the journals remark its being very woody, and thinly inhabited, between Condapilly and Hydrabad. Until we have the latitude and longitude of Hydrabad, or fome place very near it, we cannot be fatisfied with its prefent pofition; for M. Buffy's line is too long, to be exact, without the aids of latitude to check it. The reputed distance between it and Nagpour, 169 coffes, agrees perfectly with its corrected parallel of 17° 12'. • General Smith's proportion of coffes to a degree, is 51; Col. Upton's, 52; and the map by the native 55. Hydra Hydrabad or Bagnagur, is the present capital of the Nizams of the Deccan; who fince the difmemberment of their empire, have left Aurungabad, the ancient capital; which is not only in a corner of their dominions, but in that corner which lies near their hereditary enemy, the Poonah Mahrattas; and which is alfo the least defenfible. About 5 or 6 miles to the W NW of Hydrabad, and joined to it by a wall of communication, is the celebrated fortress of Golconda * occupying the fummit of a hill of a conical form, and deemed impregnable. When Aurungzebe conquered the kingdom of Golconda, in 1687, this fortress was taken poffeffion of by treachery. The next primary point or flation, and one of the most important, as being the fartheft removed from any other given point, in the whole conftruction, is Nagpour; the capital of the eastern divifion of the Mahratta empire, and nearly in the centre of India. This last consideration, and the number of roads iffuing from it to the circumjacent cities, most of which roads had their distances given by computation only, made the determination of this point a grand defideratum in Indian geography. Mr. Haftings therefore, with that regard to useful science and improvements of every kind, which has ever distinguished his character, directed a furvey to be made of the roads leading to it from the western frontier of Bahar; and also from the fide of Allahabad. This was executed in 1782 and 1783, by Lieut. Ewart, under the direction of Col. Call, the Surveyor General. The refult of this expedition was perfectly fatisfactory. He began his measured line at Chittra or Chetra in Bahar, placed in 85° of longitude, and in lat. 24° 12', in my map of Bengal and Bahar; and his difference of longitude from thence to Nagpour, in lat. 21° 8' 30", was 5° 16' weft: by which Nagpour would be in 79° 44'. And from Nagpour back to Benares, in lon. 83° 13′, in the fame map, he made 3° 25′ 10′′, difference of longitude, east; The termination, conda, or kond, fignifies fortrefs, and often occurs in the fouth part of India; as cotta, and cote, which have the fame fignification, do in the north. Gur is used in the fame fenfe occafionally in every part. which placed Nagpour in lon. 79° 47′ 50′′; or 3′ 50′′ only, different from the other account; and this I fufpect to arife partly from the error of his needle. If we close the account back again to Chittra, the place he fet out from, he made only 4 minutes difference, in the distance out and home: and the road distance, was 600 B. miles from Chittra to Nagpour, only. Taking the medium of the two accounts, the longitude of Nagpour will be 79° 45′ 55′′, or 79° 46'. The obfervations for determining the longitude at this place, by Lieut. Ewart, do not accord with the above account, by a confiderable number of minutes : therefore I have not inferted them here, in expectation that they may be compared with correfponding ones, taken at places whofe fituations are already afcertained. As Mr. Ewart's route to Nagpour, was by way of Burwah, Surgoojah, and Ruttunpour: and from thence to Banares, by Gurry, the capital of Mundella, he ascertained the positions of those places, fatisfactorily; and by that means added to the number of primary stations. The latitudes were constantly taken, in order to correct the route, in detail. Nor did his work end here: for his enquiries at Nagpour, furnish a number of estimated or computed routes from that capital to Burhanpour, Ellichpour, Aurungabad, Neermul, Mahur, Chanda, &c. that is, in every direction, except the SE; whence we may infer the ftate of that tract to be wild, uncultivated, and little frequented. And it appears by his intelligence, that the way to Cattack is unfafe in any direction farther fouth than Sumbulpour. Nagpour, the capital of Moodajee Boonlah, the chief of the eaftern Mahratta ftate, is a city of modern date; and though very extenfive and populous, is meanly built, and is open and defencelefs, fave only by a small citadel, and that of little ftrength. The city is faid, by Golam Mohamed, to be twice as large as Patna; but Mr. Ewart's account makes it but of a moderate fize. Moodajee's principal fortress, the depofitory of his treasures and valuables, is Gyalgur, 6 Gyalgur, called alfo Gawile, fituated on a steep mountain, about 103 G. miles to the W by N of Nagpour. Each of the native Princes in India, has a depofitary of this kind, and commonly at a distance from his place of refidence: the unfettled ftate of the country making it neceffary. The country round Nagpour is fertile and well cultivated, interfperfed with hills of a moderate height: but the general appearance of the country at large, and particularly between Nagpour and Bahar, is that of a foreft, thinly fet with villages and towns. It is the western and northern parts of Moodajee's country, that produce the largest part of his revenue; together with the Chout, or proportion of the revenues of Ellichpour, &c. held by the Nizam. Ruttunpour is a city lying in the road from Bahar to Nagpour, and is the capital, and refidence of Bambajee, who holds the government of the eastern part of the Nagpour territories, under his brother Moodagee. This place, alfo, has its pofition fixed very accurately by Mr. Ewart, in lat. 22° 16', lon. 82° 36'. This is a primary ftation of great ufe, as it regulates all the positions between Cattack and Gurry-Mundella; between Bahar and Nagpour. As its corrected pofition differs only 3 miles from the former estimated one, collected from Col. Camac's obfervations and enquiries; it ferves as an additional proof, how much may be effected by a careful examination and register of the estimated distances on the roads: and this mode of improving the geography of India, may be adopted, when all others fail. An intelligent perfon fhould be employed in collecting fuch fort of information, as Mr. Ewart collected at Nagpour; from the principal cities in the leaft known parts of Hindoostan; at the fame time determining the pofition of fuch cities, by cœleftial obfervations; by which means a number of fixed points would be established, from whence the computed distances might at once be laid off, and corrected. More could be done in this way in a fhort time, towards completing the geography, than most people people can eafily conceive: and, I flatter myfelf, it will be foon adopted. Agimere, Ajmere, or Azmere, is the primary point on which the geography of the N W part of the tract in question, rests; and is determined by the estimated distances from Agra and Burhanpour. An itinerary kept by John Steel, reckons 119 coffes between Agra and Agimere: and Tavernier, who left Agimere to the north, in his way from Amedabad, reckoned 100 coffes from Banderfandry to Agra; and Bandersandry being 14 from Agimere, by Steel's account, we may take 114 for the whole distance, from Agra to Agimere. A map of Malwa and its neighbourhood, communicated by Mr. Benfley, places Agimere 180 G. miles to the weft of Gwalior; and another map communicated by Mr. Haftings, gives the fame diftance. By the construction, founded on Mr. Steel's 119 coffes from Agra, and which produce 172 G. miles, Agimere is found to be 10 miles fhort of the distance from Gwalior, in the above maps. The parallel of Agimere is determined by Sir Thomas Roe's computation of the diftance from Burhanpour to Agimere, through Mundu and Cheitore; and that is 222 coffes, or 318 G. miles: and the intersection of the two diftances from Burhanpour and Agra, happens in lat. 26° 35′, lon. 75° 20'. This is the pofition of Agimere in the map: no great accuracy, however, with respect to its parallel, can be expected, where the authority is nothing more than a fingle line of diftance, and that a very long one. The Ayin Acbaree is totally filent concerning its latitude and longitude. Col." Call, in a map of his, communicated by Mr. Haftings, places it in the parallel I have affigned to it; and allows it to be diftant from Burhanpour, 307 G. miles, and 192 from Agra; on what authority, I know not. Thevenot gives its latitude at 261°. Agimere was the capital of the foubah of the fame name, in Acbar's divifion of the empire, and is probably the Gagafmira of Ptolemy. It is built at the foot of a very high mountain; on the |