87° 1′ 30′′; lat. 20° 44'. From Point Palmiras to Jagarnaut Pagoda, the coast was traced in a more curfory manner; and accordingly, the bearing and distance between Balafore and Jagarnaut is very differently given by Col. Pearfe and Capt. Ritchie: the account of the former being only 54′ 30′′ difference of longitude; and that of the latter, 1° 16'. This very confiderable difference is too ftriking, not to be particularly noticed; and requires that some obfervations fhould be made with time-keepers, to afcertain the relative pofitions of Jagarnaut, Point Palmiras, and Balafore. Wherever the mistake may lie, it is of great importance to have it rectified: for if Col. Pearfe's bearing be true (and there appears no reafon to doubt it) there must be a very confiderable error in the course between Jagarnaut, and Balafore road, in Capt. Ritchie's

chart.

The longitude of Cattack is fcarcely altered from what it was in the former map of India; where it was placed on the authority of Capt. Campbell, in lon. 86. It is now in 86° 1′ 30′′; and its latitude ftands as before.

From Jagarnaut to Ganjam, the particulars of the coaft, are from Col. Pearfe's map, collated with those of Ritchie's and Campbell's. From Ganjam to Poondy, is taken from the map of the Itchapour district; and Col. Pearfe's route on it, which may be traced from Ganjam to Bindi (near Poondy) furnishes the means of correcting the compass of that map, which was faulty in a very confiderable degree. Bindi ferves as a connecting point for the two maps; as Nauparah or Nowparah, a little farther to the S W. does for Pearse's, and Cridland's map of the Tickley district. The coast between Poondy and Bimlepatam is sketched from Lieut. Cridland's map, from Major Polier's journal, and other MSS. From Bimlepatam to Vifagapatam is from Col. Pearse; and from thence to Coringa from a MS. map, compiled during Col. Forde's expedition to Masulipatam, in 1759; collated with Capt. Ritchie's

map.

As there have been fome obfervations taken at Vifagapatam to afcertain the longitude, it is proper to take notice of them, and to compare the refult with the longitude deduced from Calcutta and Ganjam, by Col. Pearfe's line. This gives 107,1 miles of westing, or 1° 52′ 54′′ difference of longitude, from Ganjam to Vifagapatam; from which if we deduct the proportion of the error in the diftance (fee page 10) the true difference of longitude will be 1° 50′ 39′′; which taken from 85° 20' 4", the longitude of Ganjam, leaves. 83° 29′ 25′′ for that of Vifagapatam. But Col. Pearse's obfervation was 84° 23′ 30′′ and Mr. Ruffel's 83° 21′ 30′′. Its latitude is 17° 42'.

From Coringa to Mafulipatam, the figure of the coast is from Major Stevens, as Col. Pearfe's route goes far inland, by way of Rajamundry, Ellore, &c. and does not again approach the coast near enough to determine its pofition, till it comes to Vantipollam, near Ongole. Thefe maps of Major Stevens's and of Col. Pearfe's join at the points of Siccacollum, on the bank of the Kistnah; at Rajamundry, and at Samulcota. These 2 maps differ confiderably in the extent between Siccacollum and Samulcota; Major Steven's giving 63 miles less than the other (error of distance allowed) but, I believe, Major Stevens's diftance was measured, only between Siccacollum and Narfapour.

Mafulipatam has its pofition very fatisfactorily determined, by Major Stevens's measurement from Siccacollum, a place in Col.. Pearfe's map. It is 17,4 G. miles eaft; and 3,3 fouth of it; and comes out 43′ of longitude, eaft of Madras, or corrected (see again page 10) 47'; its longitude being 81° 12'; lat. 16° 8′ 30′′.

From Mafulipatam to Madras, the figure of the coast, is generally from Capt. Ritchie, corrected in certain points by the land furvey, of Col. Pearfe. For as the latter came close to the coast at Vantipollam, Carwaree, and Rameeapatam, it appeared that. Capt. Ritchie's chart required correction in the great bay between. the latter place and Point Divy. I found it neceffury alfo to reduce

the

the point at the mouth of the Pennar river, and make it lefs prominent; as the diftance from Nellore to the neareft fea coaft, would otherwife have been much too great *. Indeed, it was not expected that a veffel, failing along a flat, ftraight coaft, without land-marks, could afcertain every fmall bending of the coaft.

It is proper to remark, that the whole difference of longitude between Calcutta and Madras, in M. D'Anville's and D'Apres? maps, comes within a few miles of the truth, as they were in poffeflion of the observations taken at Ghyretty and Pondicherry: but their maps are exceeding faulty in the detail.

The longitude of Madras, or Fort St. George, as was said before, (page 9) is taken at 80° 25'; and its latitude is 13° 5'. Pondicherry, by a series of triangles obtained by means of the Jaghire map, Wandiwafh Hill, Permacoil, the red hills, and the difference of latitude, I make to be 25' of longitude, weft of Madras; fo that Pondicherry will be in 80° juft. The medium of the different obfervations taken there, is 79° 55′ 40′′ †. Mr. Pringle, who meafured the routes of Sir Eyre Coote's army, during the late war, makes the difference of meridians the fame as I do, to a fraction. Its latitude is 11° 56'.

Cuddalore, in lat. 11° 41', and lon. 79° 45′ 45′′, is the most fouthern point, determined by Mr. Pringle's measured routes: but the fame gentleman furnishes us, with the bearing of Portonovo from that place; which, with its latitude 11° 30', allows us to place it, almost to a certainty, in lon. 79° 53′ 30′′.

The pofition of Chillumbrum Pagoda, in refpect of Portonovo, although fo confpicuous an object to the fight, is variously reprefented. By the medium of what appeared to me to be the best authorities, I have placed them South-weft 7 G. miles from Por

I have allowed Point Pennar to be 16 G. miles to the caft of Nellore: most of the MS. maps make it lefs.

tonovo. Mr. Barker determined their pofition with respect to Devicotta, by a measured base, to be W. 16° 45' N. 8 G. miles; which added to the former line from Portonovo, gives 79° 55′ for the longitude of Devicotta. Its latitude appears to be 11° 21′. Moft maps allow a much greater diftance between Portonovo and Devicotta, than what arifes from the above conftruction; which is 9 G. miles on a SSE. bearing: and the foundation of the error, appears to me to be the giving the bearing of Devicotta from Chillambrum, too great a degree of southing.

From Devicotta, fouthward to Negapatam, my authorities are fome MS. maps; among which, is one, drawn by M. D'Anville, containing the principal pofitions between Madras and Tanjore ; and seems intended for the bafis of a map of the fouth Carnatic. Had M. D'Anville's differed from the others, I fhould have been inclined to give the preference to the refult of his investigations; but it happens that all the different maps I have confulted, differ fo little among themselves, that none make the difference of longitude between Devicotta and Negapatam more than 1′ 45′′; and the medium of the whole is 1' 15" eaft; fo that Negapatam may be taken at 79° 56′ 35′′ lon.; and latitude 10° 46′.

Thus Negapatam appears to be 3′ 25′′ weft of Pondicherry, or 28′ 25′′ from Madras; and whatever error there may be, muft arife chiefly between Devicotta and Negapatam. If there be any, the different geographers and map-makers have all fallen into the fame kind of error. I obferve that the different maps made of late years, in India, have confidered Negapatam as being in lon. 79° 53′ to 79° 54'. I know not whence the idea is taken; but, whether founded or not, it differs but little from mine.

Negapatam is the fouthmoft point, on the eastern fide of the peninfula, whofe pofition can be reckoned tolerably exact; unless we except Point Calymere, whofe bearing being pretty well known from Negapatam, and its latitude determined with precifion; may be confidered as being nearly as well ascertained as

Nega

Negapatam, on which it depends. Its latitude is 10° 20'; and longitude 79° 54′ 30′′.

No connected measured line that can be depended on, has yet been carried across the peninfula; Col. Fullarton's marches, meafured by Col. Kelly, extending only to Palicaudchery; that is, not within 50 G. miles of the coaft of Malabar: and thofe extended fouthward, through Madura and Tinevelly, ending at Cape Comorin. Fortunately, however, we have a series of longitudes by a time-keeper, deduced from Bombay, by Capt. Huddart, and extended at intervals, along the whole coaft, to Anjenga; of which, more will be faid hereafter.

Col. Fullarton's march into the fouthern countries of the Carnatic, gave an opportunity of measuring the distances, and afcertaining the relative pofitions of Tanjore, Tritchinopoly, Madura, Coïmbettore, Palicaudcherry, &c. in respect of Negapatam, where the march commenced. The plan of these marches communicated to me from the Eaft India House, bears the name of Col. Kelly; and is declared to be actually measured, through the points abovementioned. We have to regret that the fame attention was not bestowed in the march from Calicut to Palicaudcherry; the intended point of junction of the Bombay detachment, with that of Col. Fullarton: for, in that cafe, the exact width of the peninfula, had been no longer a matter of enquiry.

Tritchinopoly comes out, by the above map of Col. Kelly's, to be 1° 10′ of longitude weft from Negapatam; which taken from 75° 56′ 35", leaves 78° 46′ 35′′ for the longitude of Tritchinopoly The latitude is 10° 49'.

Madura, by the fame authority, is 34' difference of longitude weft from Tritchinopoly; that is, in lon. 78° 12′ 35′′. Here it must be noted, that great difcordance arises between the different

* A map, drawn by Baron Wefebe (of the Hanoverian corps) accords in this particular, and indeed, in every other material one, with that of Col. Kelly: but I have no knowledge how Baron W. procured his materials.