NOTE.

HAVING lately received some farther documents on the subject of the Dhurna, which I did not possess when the preceding paper was read to the Society, I have extracted from them what appears to me requisite to elucidate this extraordinary practice. From these documents it appears that several cases of Dhurna had been brought before the Provincial Court of Juftice at Benares, and as a penalty had been annexed to the performance of this mode of importunity, it became necessary to define with precision the rules constituting Dhurna, according to the Shaster and Usage.

For this purpose a question was proposed to several Pandits, inhabitants of the province and city of Benares; and the answer subscribed by twenty-three Pandits is as follows:

"ANY one who sits Dhurna on another's door, or in his house, for the realization of a debt, or for other purpose, in which the party sitting takes with him some weapon or poison, and sits down; nor does he eat himself, nor allow the party against whom he is sitting, or his family, to eat; nor does he allow any person ingress into that person's house nor egress from it, and addressing himself in terms of the strongest oaths to the people of the house, he says, "If any of those "of your house shall eat victuals, or go into your "house, or go out of it, I fhall either wound myself "with this weapon, or swallow this poison;" and it does sometimes happen that both these events take place, and that he who sits in Dhurna is not to remove 3 A 2

from

from it without the intreaty of those on whom he is sitting, or the order of the Hakim. Whenever all the requisites above mentioned are found united, they constitute Dhurna; but if any one of them be wanting, that is not Dhurna, but Tuckaza or Dunning : and as no text of the Shaster hath been found concerning Dhurna, wherefore we have delivered the requisites thereof according to the common custom and practice."

THERE is some difference in the opinions of other Pandits as to what is understood to constitute Dhurna; but the quotation which I have inserted, appears to me to contain the most authentic information on this subject.

THE Society will observe that the practice is not specifically pointed out in the Shaster, but has the sanction of usage only.

of

THE following instance is of late occurrence. In January 1794, Mohun Panreh, an inhabitant of a district in the province of Benares, sat down in Dhurna before the house of some Rajepoots, for the purpose obtaining the payment of Birt, or a charitable subsistence to which he had a claim, and in this situation destroyed himself by swallowing poison. Some of the relations of the deceased retained his corpse for two days before the house of the Rajepoots; who were thus compelled to forego taking sustenance, in order to in duce them to settle the Birt on the heir of the deceased Brahmen.

XXIII.

DESCRIPTION OF THE YAK OF TARTARY,

CALLED SOORA-GOY,

OR THE BUSHY-TAILED BULL OF TIBET.

THE

By Lieutenant Samuel Turner.

HE Yak of Tartary, called Soora-Goy in Hindoftan, and which I term the bushy-tailed bull of Tibet, is about the height of an English bull, which he resembles in the figure of the body, head, and legs. I could discover between them no essential difference, except only that the Yak is covered all over with a thick coat of long hair. The head is rather short, crowned with two smooth round horns, that tapering from the setting-on, terminate in sharp points, arch inwardly, and near the extremities are a little turned back; the ears are small; the forehead appears prominent, being adorned with much curling hair; the eyes are full and large; the nose smooth and convex; the nostrils small; the neck short, describing a curvature nearly equal both above and below; the withers high and arched; the rump low. Over the shoulders rises a bunch, which at first sight would seem to be the same kind of extuberance peculiar to the cattle of Hindostan; but in reality it consists in the superior length of the hair only, which as well as that along the ridge of the back to the setting-on of the tail, grows long and erect, but not harsh. The tail is composed of a prodigious quantity of long flowing glossy hair descending to the hock, and is so extremely well furnished, that

not

not a joint of it is perceptible; but it has much the appearance of a large bunch of hair artificially set on. The shoulders, rump, and upper part of the body is clothed with a sort of thick soft wool, but the inferior parts with straight pendant hair, that descends below the knee; and I have seen it so long in some cattle which were in high health and condition, as to trail along the ground. From the chest, between the forelegs, issues a large pointed tuft of hair, growing somewhat longer than the rest. The legs are very short. In every other respect, hoofs, &c. he resembles the ordinary bull. There is a great variety of colours among them, but black or white are the most prevalent. It is not uncommon to see the long hair upon the ridge of the back, the tail, tuft upon the chest, and the legs below the knee white, when all the rest of the animal is jet black.

THESE cattle, though not large boned, from the profuse quantity of hair with which they are provided, appear of great bulk. They have a down heavy look, but are fierce, and discover much impatience at the near approach of strangers. They do not low loud (like the cattle of England) any more than those of Hindostan; but make a low grunting noise scarce audible, and that but seldom, when under some impression of uneasiness. These cattle are pastured in the coldest parts of Tibet, upon short herbage peculiar to the tops of mountains and bleak plains. That chain of lofty mountains situated between lat. 27 and 8, which divide Tibet from Bootan, and whose summits are most commonly clothed with snow, is their favourite

favourite haunt. In this vicinity the southern glens afford them food and shelter during the severity of the winter; in milder seasons the northern aspect is more congenial to their nature, and admits a wider range. They are a very valuable property to the tribes of illiterate Tartars, who live in tents and tend them from place to place, affording their herdsmen a mode of conveyance, a good covering, and subsistence. They are never employed in agriculture, but are extremely useful as beasts of burthen; for they are strong, sure footed, and carry a great weight. Tents and ropes are manufactured of their hair; and I have, though amongst the humblest ranks of herdsmen, seen caps and jackets worn of their skins. Their tails are esteemed throughout the East, as far as luxury or parade have any influence on the manners of the people; and on the continent of India are found, under the denomination of Chowries, in the hands of the meanest grooms as well as occasionally in those of the first ministers of state. Yet the best requital with which the care of their keepers is at length rewarded for selecting them good pastures, is in the abundant quantity of rich milk they give, yielding most excellent butter, which they have a custom of depositing in skins or bladders, and excluding the air: it keeps in this cool climate during all the year, so that after some time tending their flocks, when a sufficient stock is accumulated, it remains only to load their cattle and drive them to a proper market with their own produce, which constitutes, to the utmost verge of Tartary, a most material article of merchandize.