flat, and p, f, t, k, s, &c., being sharp, such combinations as abt, avt, apd, afd, agt, akd, atz, ads, &c., are unpronounceable."* Again: "Certain sounds, in combination with others, have a tendency to undergo changes." Once more: letters are often inserted for euphony. "In English the form which the Latin word numerus takes is number, in French nombre. The b makes no part of the original word, but has been inserted for the sake of euphony." I would add that different nations seem to have a taste for different combinations. In most cases where the English use st, the Germans, though they use it in spelling, alter it in pronunciation. Our stand is written by them stehen, but pronounced shtehen. These and similar remarks will be found very useful in the historical investigation of language. 463. Words are distinguished by grammarians, not only according Quantity to articulation, but also according to quantity and accent. Quantity regards the time employed in utterance, and the term is generally applied to the relative time employed in uttering the different portions of words, the rules for which constitute prosody, and are more especially referable to poetry in the classical languages. These rules are well known: it is known, for instance, that a vowel followed by two consonants must form a long syllable, because the action of the muscles necessary to produce so complicated a vocal sound must require a longer time than if the movement were more simple. But the actual effect on the ear produced to a Greek or Roman hearer, as part of the pleasure of poetry, cannot be clearly perceived by a modern reader. 464. Something of the same uncertainty hangs over the doctrine Accent. of Accent as applied to a comparison between the living and dead languages. The subject has been learnedly investigated, § but without leading to a very satisfactory result. The rules for the use of accents in the Greek language are well known; but the real effect of those accents on the pronunciation of vocal sounds in the classical ages is very uncertain. English poetry is said to be regulated by accent; but accent, in this sense, applies rather to the force with which a syllable is pronounced, than to that elevation or depression of voice on which the ancient accents are supposed to depend. This part of my subject, however, will be more conveniently discussed hereafter, For the present, enough has been said on the mechanism of speech. * English Language, s. 76. Ibid. s. 83. Foster on Accent and Quantity. In Science and General Literature, PUBLISHED BY RICHARD GRIFFIN AND COMPANY, PUBLISHERS TO THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW, ABBOTT.-MORAL AND EDUCATIONAL WORKS: A TREATISE ON TRIGONOMETRY. By G. B. AIRY, F.R.S., Astronomer Royal. New edition. Edited by Professor BLACKBURN. Crown 8vo, cloth, 2s. 6d. 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