and character. The task I have set myself is not that of discussing the religious systems existing there,— which would be an unnecessary undertaking, it having been so frequently accomplished by abler hands,-but of giving a representation of Benares as she was in the past, and as she is in the present. Her early conditionher connexion with ancient Buddhism-her architectural remains her famous temples, holy wells and tanks, and numerous gháts or stairs leading down to the Gangesthe legends concerning them-the peculiar customs at the temples-the ceremonies of the idolater-the modes of worship-the religious festivals, and other topics, illustrative of the character which Benares maintains as the sacred city of India, are dwelt upon, with some amount of detail, in this volume. I have deemed it of moment, also, in a book of this nature, to make some observations on the influence which education, European civilization, and, above all, Christianity, are now exerting upon the city. As Benares has held a foremost place in the history of India for two thousand five hundred years, at the least, so, in all likelihood, she is destined to retain that position in the new era of enlightenment which has already dawned upon the land. Portions of this work have, at various times, appeared in print, in contributions to the Calcutta Review and the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, and in a Lecture delivered before the Benares Institute, published in the Transactions of that Society. I would express my warmest thanks to CHARLES HORNE, Esq., C.S., late Judge of Benares, for his very valuable assistance in the archæological researches described in this book, especially in Chapters xix. and xx. My thanks are also due to J. H. B. IRONSIDE, Esq., C.B., Magistrate of Benares, for his kindness in placing at my disposal a paper on the Melas or Festivals of Benares, drawn up by Babu Sital Prasád, Deputy Inspector of Schools. I would likewise acknowledge my great obligations to D. TRESHAM, Esq., Head Master of the Government Normal School, Benares, for his excellent photographs of the city, from which the illustrations of this volume have been taken. M. A. SHERRING. July 2nd, 1868. CONTENTS. Introduction-By FITZEDWARD HALL, Esq., D.C.L. Early history of Benares.-Sanctity of the city.-Mythic cha- racter of Indian history.-Ancient Buddhist records respecting Benares.-Sakya Muni, or Buddha, preached the doctrine of Buddhism first in Benares.-Antiquity of Benares. — Hiouen Thsang's account of his visit to the city in the seventh century of the Christian era.-Macaulay's description of Benares.-Con- nexion of Benares with the religious history of half the human race. Its connexion with Buddhism. -Life and labours of Buddha.-Benares subsequent to the fall of Buddhism in India. No Architectural remains dating prior to the third century before Christ yet found in India.-Ancient Hindu Edifices of the primitive period, not of a rude character.-Did the Hindus borrow from the Assyrian and Persian Sculptors ?— Ancient remains found chiefly in the northern quarter of the city.- Mohammedan lust for Hindu edifices.-Shifting tendency of the Puranic form of Modern Hinduism.-Increase of Temples in xvii Bisheswar, now a Mohammedan Mosque.-The Well Gyán Bápí.-Temple of Ad-Bisheś war.-The Well Káśí Karwaṭ.- Temple of Bhaironáth, the god-magistrate of Benares.- Dandpán, or the Deified Staff.-Temple of the Planet.-Kál- kúp, or Well of Fate.-Image of Mahákál, or Great Fate.-The Manikarnika Well and Ghát.-Legends respecting the Well.- Temple of Tárakeswar.-Sindhia Ghát, and the Raja of Nag- pore's Ghát.-Temple of Briddhkál.—Shrines of Márkaṇḍeswar Legend respecting Divodás. - Temple of Divodáseś war. The Well Dharm-kúp.-Rádhá-Krishna.-The Nág-Kúáů, or Benares, Káśí, and Kedár, the three Grand Divisions of the city. No old Hindu Temples in Benares.-Puranic character of the Kásí Division of the City.-No trustworthy information. concerning Ancient Buildings to be obtained either from Hindus or from their sacred writings.-Preference of the Old Fanes by Pilgrims.-Trilochan Temple.-Legends respecting Trilochan. -The Idolater's idea of the benefit resulting from Worshipping in this Temple.-Kot Lingeswar.-Nának Sháh, the Sikh Guru. -Painting in the Trilochan Temple, depicting the Punishments |