50. Rule 7. EXERCISES.

those printed in italics.

Synonymous words substituted for

a. Their condition had no effect in influencing them to yield. Walker persevered in his daily exhortations from the pulpit, positively or confidently asserting to them that God would give deliverance, and beseeching them to defend the position or town to the last extremity, and showing them or pointing to them the importance of their constancy to the cause of the Protestant religion.

b. Seeing that the pirates had become fewer, it was determined next day to obtain possession of the wreck; but the enemy, on observing the approach of the boats, immediately pushed off and set fire to the ship, which became, in a few minutes, one burning mass from beginning to end.-c. Nothing could surpass the furious savageness of the Malays; but the most kindly attention was paid by our men to the wounded.

LESSON 19.—p. 33.

Synonymous Words continued.

51. EXERCISES.-1. To abate in eagerness, diminish in number, decrease in quantity, lessen in value, relax in industry, impair in vigour or intellect.

2. Ability is an active quality of the mind to do anything well; capacity is a passive quality to receive or comprehend anything; thus, an (actually) able commander; a man of (naturally a) capacious mind.

3. To acquiesce under authority; to resign from a sense of duty; agree in disposition or opinion; consent by persuasion.

4. To acknowledge supposes a small degree of delinquency; to confess supposes a higher degree of criminality; to avow is to glory in what we declare. Thus, a gentleman acknowledges his mistake, a prisoner confesses the crime of which he is accused, and a patriot avows his opposition to every corrupt measure.

5. We are active, if we exert our powers, whether to any

end or not; diligent, when we are active to some specific end; industrious, when no time is left unemployed in some serious pursuit; assiduous, when we do not leave a thing until it is finished; laborious, when the bodily or mental powers are regularly employed in some hard labour.

6. We are addicted to a thing from a particular propensity; devoted to a thing from a settled attachment to it; we apply to a thing from a sense of its utility. Thus, men are addicted to vices; devote their talents to the acquirement of any art or science; apply their minds to the investigation of a subject.

7. An equivocal expression has two senses, one open and intended to be understood, the other concealed, and understood only by the person who uses the expression. An ambiguous expression has, apparently, two senses, and leaves us in doubt which of the two to prefer. An honest man will refrain from employing an equivocal expression; a confused man may often utter ambiguous terms without any design.

8. An authentic book is one in which matters of fact arc related as they really happened. A genuine book is one that is written by the person whose name it bears. Thus, we speak of the authenticity of "Gibbon's History," that is, of its authority as a record of facts; and of the genuineness of "Ossian's Poems," that is, whether or not they were composed by the person to whom they are ascribed.

9. We amend our moral conduct; correct errors; reform our life; rectify mistakes; emend the readings of an author; improve our mind or condition.

10. Ceremonious is applied to a form of civility, and ceremonial, to a religious rite.

11. Conquer our enemies; subdue our passions; surmount an obstacle.

12. Conscience denotes the faculty by which we judge of our own conduct; consciousness, a particular exertion of that faculty.

13. Custom is a frequent repetition of the same act; habit the effect of such repetitions. The custom of rising early in

the morning is conducive to health, and may, in a short time, become such a habit as to render it no less agrecable than it is useful.

14. We discover what existed, but which was unknown before; we invent what before did not exist.

15. Doctrine is that which constitutes our faith; a precept is that which directs the practice; a principle is the beginning or prime moving cause of a thing. We believe in doctrines, obey precepts; imbibe, or hold principles.

16. Enlarge is applied to dimension and extent; increase is applied to number. We enlarge a house; increase an army property, expense.

17. Intelligible signifies what may be understood; intellectual, something belonging to the mind.

18. Persevere is generally used in a good sense, and refers to the actions and the conduct; persist refers to the opinions and will, implying neither praise nor blame. We persevere in work and study; we persist in an argument.

19. A sophism denotes a fallacious argument; sophistry denotes fallacious reasoning.

20. Together means at the same time; successively signifies one after the other.

LESSON 20. p. 34.

Classical Words.

52. EXERCISES.-Words of an English or Saxon origin substituted for Classical Words.

1. There is a very good crop of all kinds of fruit this season. 2. The illness is felt by nearly every one, and the hospitals are filled with the sick.

3. After the overthrow of public affairs, the followers of the kingly system were treated with great harshness.

4. The people are distressed by clashing stories.

5. Lines drawn at an equal distance from each other can

never meet.

6. Persons on horseback and others on foot were mingled together.

7. The men born in the country were rooted out.

8. The traitor was outlawed and his goods were given to the

crown.

9. Spurred on by national hatred, the armies eagerly waited for the opening of the warfare.

10. The cut was promptly made and the swelling materially lessened.

11. The air in the neighbourhood is very moist, owing to the mists from the bordering fen.

2.-1. The flowing of the blood through the bodies of men and four-footed beasts, and the means by which it is carried on, make up one system, and prove a contrivance perhaps the best understood of any part of the animal frame.

2. The organs for spreading the moisture through the body, and those of feeling, may be systems finer and more intricate; nay, it is possible, that in their make, they may be even more parcelled out than those through which the blood runs; but we do not know so much about them.

3.-1. Whether the heart acts by a power caused by a union with the blood, by the flowing into it of the fluid connected with the nerves, or whatever else be the cause of its motion, it is something which is capable of causing in living fleshy fibres a shrinking, and slackening of each other.

2. There is placed in the central part of the body, a hollow muscle, clothed with twisting fibres, running in both directions, the layers crossing one another; in some animals, however, appearing to be half round rather than spiral.

3. By the squeezing of these fibres, the sides of the fleshy hollows are drawn together, so as to force out from them any fluid which they may at that time hold in them.

1.-1. In the pages of history we see the most deceitful and crafty men stripped of the disguise of artifice and guile, their designs developed, and their stratagems laid open.

2. By the fall of the great and powerful into a state of disgrace and want, as well as by the changes of empires, we are not so liable to be astonished at the events which pass before

our eyes.

3. The changes of fortune so frequently recorded in the pages of former times prove to us the changeableness of worldly affairs, and the precariousness of human grandeur.

2.-1. A very numerous and extensive tribe of land animals are entirely without feet, yet able to move from place to place. 2. How is the want of feet made up? It is done by the arrangement of the muscles and fibres of the trunk.

3. In consequence of the just arrangement of these, and by means of the joint action of fibres placed lengthwise and others round, as rings, the body and trail of reptiles are capable of being shortened and lengthened by acting on each other, drawn up and stretched out.

4. The result of this action is an advancing, and, in some instances, a rapid movement of the whole body.

3.-1. Suppose we had never seen an animal move upon the ground without feet, and that the problem were,- The motions of the muscles, that is, the drawing together and lengthening out again at will of the muscles being given, to show how such an animal might be made capable of changing place at will.

2. Something, perhaps, like the present arrangement of the muscles of reptiles might have been hit upon by the skill of an artist, or might have been shown, in a self-moving machine by