the student is referred to the introduction prefixed to the last edition of the Grecian History. Thrace was governed by its own kings, who were tributary to the Romans until the reign of the emperor Claudian, when it was made a province.

11. Da'cia was first subdued by the emperor Trajan, and was the only province north of the Danube; its boundaries were, the Carpathian mountains on the north, the Tibis'cus, Theiss, on the west, the Hiera'sus, Pruth, on the east, and the Danube on the south.

12. The principal Asiatic provinces were, Asia Minor, Syria, and Phoeni'cia. Beyond the Euphra'tes, Armenia and Mesopotamia were reduced to provinces by Trajan, but abandoned by his successor Adrian.

13. The African provinces were, Egypt, Cyrena'ica, Numidia, and Mauritania.

14. The principal states on the borders of the empire were, Germaʼnia and Sarma'tia in Europe, Arme'nia and Par‍thia in Asia, and Ethiopia in Africa.

15. Eastern Asia, or India, was only known to the Romans by a commercial intercourse, which was opened with that country soon after the conquest of Egypt.

It was divided into India on this side the Ganges, and India beyond the Ganges, which included Seʼrica, a country of which the Romans possessed but little knowledge. India at the western side of the Ganges contained, 1. The territory between the In'dus and Gan'ges; 2. The western coast, now called Malabar, which was the part best known, and 3. The island of Taproba'ne, Ceylon.

16. The commerce between Europe and southern Asia became important in the reign of Alexan'der the Great'; the greater part of the towns founded by that mighty conqueror were intended to facilitate the lucrative Indian trade. After his death, the Ptol'emies of Egypt became the pa

trons of Indian traffic, which was unwisely neglected by the kings of Syria. When Egypt was conquered by the Romans, the commerce with India was not interrupted, and the principal mart for Indian commerce under the Roman emperors, was always Alexandria. The jealousy of the Parthians excluded strangers from their territories, and put an end to the trade that was carried on between northern India, the shores of the Caspian sea, and thence to the Ægean. In consequence of this interruption, Palmy'ra and Alexandri'a became the great depôts of eastern commerce, and to this circumstance they owed their enormous wealth and magnificence.

Questions for Examination.

1. What were the boundaries of the Roman empire? 2. How was Spain divided?

3. When was Spain annexed to the Roman empire?

4. What countries were included in Transalpine Gaul?

5. How was Gaul divided?

6. What islands in the Mediterranean were included in the Roman empire?

7. When was Britain invaded by the Romans, and how much of the country did they subdue ?

8. Into what provinces were the countries south of the Danube divided?

9. What was the extent of Illyricum?

10. What were the Roman provinces in the east of Europe? 11. By whom was Dacia conquered?

12. What were the Asiatic provinces ?

13. What were the African provinces ?

14. What were the principal states bordering on the empire? 15. Was India known to the Romans?

16. What cities under the Romans enjoyed the greatest share of commerce with India?

END OF THE INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I.

OF THE ORIGIN OF THE ROMANS.

Observe the youth who first appears in sight,
And holds the nearest station to the light,
Already seems to snuff the vital air,
And leans just forward on a shining spear:
Silvius is he, thy last-begotten race,
But first in order sent to fill thy place.-
An Alban name, but mix'd with Dardan blood.
Born in the covert of a shady wood,
Him fair Lavinia, thy surviving wife,

Shall breed in groves, to lead a solitary life:
In Alba he shall fix his royal seat

And, born a king, a race of kings beget.

DRYDEN'S VIRGIL, EN. VI.

1. THE Romans were particularly desirous of being thought descendants of the gods; as if to hide the meanness of their real ancestry. Ene'as, the son of Venus and Anchi'ses, having escaped from the destruction of Troy, after many adventures and dangers, arrived in Italy-A.M. 2294-where he was kindly received by Latinus, king of the Latins, who promised him his daughter Lavin'ia in

marriage. 2. Turnus, king of the Rutuli, was the first who opposed Æne'as, he having long made pretensions to her himself. A war ensued, in which the Trojan hero was victorious, and Turnus slain. In consequence of this, Lavin'ia became the wife of Æne'as, who built a city to her honour, and called it Lavin'ium. Some time after, engaging in a war against Mezentius, one of the petty kings of the country, he was vanquished in turn, and died in battle, after a reign of four years. 3. Ascaʼnius, his son, succeeded to the kingdom; and to him Sil'vius', second son, whom he had by Lavin'ia. It would be tedious and uninteresting to recite a dry catalogue of the kings that followed, of whom we know little more than the names; it will be sufficient to say, that the succession continued for nearly four hundred years in the same family; and that Nu'mitor, the fifteenth from Æne'as, was the last king of Alba.

Nu'mitor, who took possession of the kingdom in consequence of his father's will, had a brother named Amuʼlius, to whom were left the treasures which had been brought from Troy. 4. As riches too generally prevail against right, Amu'lius made use of his wealth to supplant his brother, and soon found means to possess himself of the kingdom. Not contented with the crime of usurpation, he added that of murder also. Nu'mitor's sons first fell a sacrifice to his suspicions; and to remove all apprehensions of being one day disturbed in his ill-gotten power, he caused Rhe'a Sil'via 2, his brother's only daughter, to become a vestal; which office obliging her to perpetual virginity, made him less uneasy as to the claims of posterity.

5. His precautions, however, were all frustrated in the event. Rhe'a Sil'via was called to the performance of

1 So called because born in a wood, whither his mother Lavin'ia is said to have fled for fear of Asca'nius.

2 By the poets she is usually named Il'ia.

some religious service in the temple of Mars, near the town. A spring of water glided through the sacred wood, in which the temple was enclosed, and the priestess, in order to discharge one of her sacerdotal functions, went thither to take the necessary water for her sacrifice; where a man, disguised in a military habit, like that in which Mars was commonly represented, surprised and forced the vestal. Others are of opinion that she met a young lover there by appointment. 6. When Rhe'a Sil'via, however, could no longer conceal her shame, she charged the god Mars with being the cause of it. The circumstances of the temple, the sacred wood, and the presence of that god, who was believed to make his residence in the sanctuary consecrated to him, gave a less odious colour to the affair; and whether it was her crime or her misfortune, the fact is certain, that in due time she brought forth two boys, who were no sooner born than devoted by the usurper to destruction. 7. The mother was condemned to be buried alive, the usual punishment for vestals who had violated their chastity, and the twins were ordered to be flung into the river Tiber. 8. It happened, however, at the time this rigorous sentence was put into execution, that the river had, more than usual, overflowed its banks, so that the place where the children were thrown, being distant from the main current, the water was too shallow to drown them. It is said by some, that they were exposed in a cradle, which after floating for a time, was, by the waters retiring, left on dry ground; that a wolf, descending from the mountains to drink, ran, at the cry of the children, and gave them suck under a fig-tree, caressing and licking them as if they had been her own young, the infants hanging on her dugs as if she had been their mother, until Faus'tulus, the king's shepherd, struck with so surprising a sight, conveyed them home, and delivered them to his wife, Ac'ca Lauren'tia, to nurse, who brought them up as her own. 9. Others, however, assert, that from the vicious