130] The Master said: "In vain have I spent in thought whole days without food, whole nights without sleep! Study better."

[31] The Master said: "A gentleman aims at truth; he does not aim at food. Ploughing may end in famine; study may end in pay. But a gentleman pines for truth: he is not pined with poverty."

[32] The Master said: "What the mind has won will be lost again, unless love hold it fast. A mind to understand and love to hold fast, without dignity of bearing, will go unhonoured. A mind to understand, love to hold fast and dignity of bearing are incomplete, without courteous ways." [33] The Master said: "A gentleman has no skill in trifles, but has strength for big tasks: the vulgar are skilled in trifles, but have no strength for big tasks."

[34] The Master said: "Love is more to the people than fire and water. I have known men come to their death by fire and water: I have met no man whom love brought unto death."

[35] The Master said: "When love is at stake yield not to an army."

[36] The Master said: "A gentleman is consistent, not changeless."

[37] The Master said: "A servant of the king honours work and rates pay last."

[38] The Master said: “All educated men are peers." [39] The Master said: "Mingle not in projects with men whose ways are not thine."

[40] The Master said: "The whole end of speech is to be understood."

99

[41] When the music-master Mien was presented, the Master, on coming to the steps, said: "Here are the steps.' On reaching the mat, the Master said: "Here is the mat." When all were seated, the Master told him: “Such an one is here, and such an one is here."

After the music-master had left, Tzu-chang said: "Is this the way to speak to a music-master?"

The Master said: “Surely it is the way to help a musicmaster."

The man being blind, like most musicians in the East.

XVI

[1] THE Chi was about to chastise Chuan-yü.1

Jan Yu and Chi-lu,' being received by Confucius, said to him: "The Chi is going to deal with Chuan-yü.”

Confucius said: "After all, Ch'iu, are ye not in the wrong? The kings of old made Chuan-yü lord of Tung Meng. It is within the borders of the realm, moreover, and a vassal state. Ought it to be chastised?"

Jan Yu said: "Our lord wishes it. We, his ministers, are both against it."

Confucius said: "Ch'iu, Chou Jen was wont to say, 'Put forth thy strength in the ranks; leave them rather than do wrong.' Who would choose as guide one that is no prop in danger, who cannot lift him when fallen? Moreover, what thou sayest is wrong. If a tiger or a buffalo escape from the pen, if tortoiseshell or jade be broken in the case, who is to blame?"

Jan Yu said: "But Chuan-yü is strong, and close to Pi;* if not seized to-day, it will bring sorrow in after times on our sons and grandsons."

Confucius said: "To make excuses instead of saying 'I want it is hateful, Ch'iu, to a gentleman. I have heard that unlikeness of lot grieves a king or a chief, not fewness of men. Unrest grieves him, not poverty. Had each his share there would be no poverty. In harmony is number: peace prevents a fall. So if far off tribes will not bend, win them by encouraging worth and learning; and when they come in, give them peace. But now, when far off tribes will not bend, ye two, helpers of your lord, cannot win them. The kingdom is rent asunder; ye are too weak to defend it. Yet spear and shield ye would call up through the land! The sorrows of Chi's grandsons, I fear, will not rise in Chuan-yü: they will rise within the palace wall." [2] Confucius said: "When right prevails below heaven,

1 A small feudatory state of Lu.

Tzu-lu. He and Jan Yu were at the time in the service of the Chi. Jan Yu.

A mountain in Chuan-yü. The ruler of that state, having received from the emperor the right to sacrifice to its mountains, had some measure of independence, though the state was feudatory to Lu, and within its borders. A town belonging to the Chi.

courtesy, music, and punitive wars flow from the Son of Heaven. When wrong prevails below heaven, courtesy, music, and punitive wars flow from the feudal princes. When they flow from the feudal princes they will rarely last for ten generations. When they flow from the princes' ministers they will rarely last for five generations. When courtiers sway a country's fate, they will rarely last for three generations. When right prevails below heaven power does not lie with ministers. When right prevails below heaven common men do not argue."

[3] Confucius said: "For five generations its income has passed from the ducal house; for four generations power has lain with ministers: and humbled, therefore, are the sons and grandsons of the three Huan."

[4] Confucius said: "There are three friends that do good, and three friends that do harm. The friends that do good are a straight friend, a sincere friend, and a friend who has heard much. The friends that do harm are a smooth friend, a fawning friend, and a friend with a glib tongue."

[5] Confucius said: "There are three joys that do good, and three joys that do harm. The joys that do good are joy in dissecting courtesy and music, joy in speaking of the good in men, and joy in a number of worthy friends. The joys that do harm are joy in pomp, joy in roving, and joy in the joys of the feast."

[6] Confucius said: "Men who wait upon princes fall into three mistakes. To speak before the time has come is rashness. Not to speak when the time has come is secrecy. To speak heedless of looks is blindness."

[7] Confucius said: "A gentleman has three things to guard against. In the days of thy youth, ere thy strength is steady, beware of lust. When manhood is reached, in the fulness of strength, beware of strife. In old age, when thy strength is broken, beware of greed."

[8] Confucius said: "A gentleman holds three things in awe. He is in awe of Heaven's doom: he is in awe of great men: he is awed by the speech of the holy.

"The vulgar are blind to doom, and hold it not in awe.

• Of Lu.

They are saucy towards the great, and of the speech of the holy they make their game."

[9] Confucius said: "The best men are born wise. Next come those who grow wise by learning: then, learned, narrow minds. Narrow minds, without learning, are the lowest of the people."

[10] Confucius said: "A gentleman has nine aims. To see clearly; to understand what he hears; to be warm in manner, dignified in bearing, faithful of speech, painstaking at work; to ask when in doubt; in anger to think of difficulties; in sight of gain to remember right."

[11] Confucius said: "In sight of good to be filled with longing; to regard evil as scalding to the touch: I have met such men, I have heard such words.

"To dwell apart and search the will; to unriddle truth by righteous life: I have heard these words, but met no such men."

[12] Ching, Duke of Ch'i, had a thousand teams of horses; but the people, on his death day, found nought in him to praise. Po-yi' and Shu-ch'i starved at the foot of Shouyang, and men to-day still sound their praises.

Is not this the clue to that?

[13] Ch'en K'ang asked Po-yü: "Apart from us, have ye heard aught, Sir?"

He answered: "No. Once as I sped across the hall, where my father stood alone, he said to me: 'Dost thou study poetry?' I answered, 'No.' 'Who does not study poetry,' he said, 'has no hold on words.' I withdrew and studied poetry.

"Another day as I sped across the hall, where he stood alone, he said to me: Dost thou study courtesy?' I answered, 'No.' 'Who does not study courtesy,' he said, 'loses all foothold.' I withdrew and studied courtesy. These two things I have heard."

Ch'en K'ang withdrew and cried gladly: "I asked one thing and get three! I hear of poetry: I hear of courtesy: and I hear, too, that a gentleman keeps aloof from his.

son."

[14] A king speaks of his wife as "my lady." She calls

See note to v. 22.

The disciple Tzu-ch'in.

Confucius' son.

herself "handmaid."

Her subjects call her "our royal lady." Speaking to foreigners they say, "our little queen." Foreigners also call her "the royal lady."

XVII

[1] YANG HUo' wished to see Confucius. Confucius did not visit him. He sent Confucius a sucking pig. Confucius chose a time when he was out, and went to thank him. They met on the road.

He said to Confucius: "Come, let us speak together. To cherish a gem and undo the kingdom, is that love?" "It is not," said Confucius.

"To be fond of power and let each chance of office slip, is that wisdom?"

"It is not," said Confucius.

"The days and months glide by; the years do not tarry for us."

"True," said Confucius; “I must take office."

[2] The Master said: "Men are near to each other at birth: the lives they lead sunder them."

[3] The Master said: "Only the wisest and the stupidest of men never change."

[4] As the Master drew near to Wu-ch'eng he heard sounds of lute and song.

"Why use an ox-knife to kill a fowl?" said the Master, with a pleased smile.

Tzu-yu answered: "Master, I have heard you say of yore: 'A gentleman who has conned the truth will love mankind; poor folk who have conned the truth are easy to rule.'"

"My boys," said the Master, "Yen is right. I spake before in play."

[5] Kung-shan Fu-jao' held Pi in rebellion. He summoned the Master, who fain would have gone.

Tzu-lu said in displeasure: "This cannot be. Why must

ye go to Kung-shan?"

1 The all-powerful, unscrupulous minister of the Chi.

A very small town, of which the disciple Tzu-yu was governor. * Tzu-yu.

Steward of the Chi and a confederate of Yang Huo.

1