means of resistance, and would therefore surrender the place on condition that security of persons and property would be guaranteed from the private plunder of the invaders. These conditions being agreed to, the Rebels entered the town. Each soldier led one or two horses, which he had already stolen. They distributed themselves up and down the streets and lanes, breaking open the stables, and taking from them all the good horses they could find. They then proceeded through the adjacent country, entered the barns of the farmers, took from them their horses, together with as much forage as they could carry. In the town they entered sev eral stores, and plundered them of clothing. In one of the warehouses they secured a large quantity of government clothing. In such enterprising activity they spent the night. On the following morning at nine o'clock they fired the machine shops and warehouses of the Valley railroad. These were exploded or destroyed, after which the unwelcome visitors departed in the direction of the South Mountain. They had entered the bank during their visit, but the funds had been previously removed, so that they were disappointed in regard to the acquisition of money. They cut all the telegraph wires. They paroled about two hundred and seventy-five sick and wounded soldiers, who were in the hos pital. The route they took on their return was toward Leesburg. But this purpose Stuart disguised from the loyal community by commencing his return on a false route. They proceeded at first toward Gettysburg, in Adams county, and having crossed the Blue Ridge, turned back toward Hagerstown for six or eight miles, then diverged toward Emmettsburg, and took the direct road toward Frederick. Before reaching Frederick they crossed the Monocacy, and marching all night, passed through Liberty, New Market, and Monrovia, on the Baltimore railroad. At Hayattstown they captured a few of McClellan's wagons. Thence they proceeded toward Poolesville. Before reaching that place they encountered a detachment of Federal cavalry under General Pleasonton, who had been sent out to confront them. He crossed the Monocacy with portions of the eighth Illinois, the third Indiana, and two guns of Remington's battery. Several miles from the ford where they crossed the stream they encoun tered the foe. A brisk engagement ensued. A duel followed between the artillery of the two forces. Several of the guns of the enemy were posted at White's ford. While the contest progressed between the artillery the main body of the Rebels retired toward the Potomac. They eventu ally crossed the river at that place without difficulty or opposition. Gen. eral Pleasonton's force, which was only five hundred strong, was too small to be able to make any effectual resistance to their movements. During the whole expedition the Rebels did not lose a single man, though a few of them were wounded. The adventure proved a complete success on their part, and gave ample evidence of the energy, sagacity, and vigor which characterized both the officers and the men concerned in it.

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CHAPTER XXXII.

THE FEDERAL VICTORY AT LAVERGNE, TENNESSEE-GENERAL NEGLEY-BATTLE ON THE HATCHIE RIVER-EXPEDITION OF GENERAL BRANNAN UP THE ST. JOHN'S RIVER-ITS RESULTS THE BATTLE OF PERRYVILLE-HEROISM OF GENERAL ROUSSEAU-INCIDENTS OF THIS ENGAGEMENT-ITS CONSEQUENCES-FINAL ESCAPE OF GENERAL BRAGG AND HIS ARMY FROM KENTUCKY-INEFFICIENCY OF GENERAL BUELL HIS REMOVAL FROM THE COMMAND OF THE ARMY OF THE OHIO-APPOINTMENT OF GENERAL ROSECRANS AS HIS SUCCESSOR-FRUITS OF GENERAL BRAGG'S INVASION OF KENTUCKY-SUMMARY VIEW OF MINOR EVENTS WHICH OCCURRED IN SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER, 1862.

A BRILLIANT and successful movement was made on the 7th of October, 1862, by order of General James Negley, upon a detachment of the enemy posted at Lavergne, near Nashville, commanded by General Samuel Anderson, by which their camp was completely broken up. The expedition was placed under the direction of Colonels Palmer and Miller. The Federal force amounted to about five thousand men. Those led by Palmer approached Lavergne by the Murfreesboro road; those under Miller took a route on the left of the railroad. As soon as they arrived in the vicinity of the Rebel camp, they were promptly attacked by the foe, who attempted to outflank them, by concentrating the thirtysecond Alabama on their right. A shot from the Federal guns fortunately entered the powder magazine of the Confederates, and exploded it. This unexpected catastrophe very materially confused and damaged them. Meanwhile the struggle continued with increasing fury. The operations of the Alabama regiment were valiantly confronted by the force under Colonel Miller. The seventy-eighth Pennsylvania assisted in a vigorous charge upon them, and compelled them to give way. They formed again, and made in turn a cavalry charge upon this regiment. But they met so destructive a volley of musketry, that they quickly broke and fled. They were pursued, and the thirty-second Alabama threw down their arms. The Federal artillery continued to keep up the assault upon the position of the enemy with great energy, and the Rebel cavalry were unable to stand before it. They fled in confusion until they reached the cover of the woods. The fourteenth Michigan and the twenty-first Ohio took a large number of prisoners. During the day General Negley, apprehending that his troops might need reinforcements marched out from Nashville with three regiments and a battery. But before his arrival a decisive victory had already been gained. The enemy had fled in confusion from their position, leaving their camp in the possession of the victors. The latter captured one gun, four hundred small arms, a regimental color, fifty-six loads of flour, and a large

amount of other provisions. The Federal loss was five killed, nile wounded, four missing. The Rebel loss was about thirty killed and eighty wounded. The number of prisoners taken was three hundred, including two colonels, Langford and Maury, with a squad of inferior officers.

The brilliant victory of Rosecrans at Corinth was followed, on the 5th of October, by the rout of the rebels on the Hatchie, in Mississippi, which was achieved by a portion of the same forces who had distinguished themselves at Corinth. The troops of the enemy engaged on this occasion consisted of two army corps, commanded by Van Dorn and Price, and comprised fifty-six regiments of infantry and three thousand cavalry, which amounted to at least thirty thousand men. The Federal force engaged was about equal in number, and consisted of the divisions commanded by Generals Ord and Hurlbut. These officers had been directed to pursue the Rebels as they returned from Corinth. In executing this order they overtook a portion of their columns near the Hatchie river. Skirmishing took place on the 4th, but the Federal forces had on that day marched twenty-four miles in the excessive heat and dust, and the chief attack was postponed until the next day. The enemy intrenched themselves during the interval with considerable skill. Early on the morning of the 6th, the Federals commenced to move. The fourteenth Illinois and the twenty-eighth Indiana were thrown forward as skir mishers. At nine o'clock the first serious encounter took place. It was to obtain possession of a hill, whose gentle slopes stretched nearly a mile to the bridge which spanned the stream. The Rebels had planted a battery in front of this bridge to protect their infantry as they advanced. These guns were responded to by Bolton's battery. The enemy then attempted with their infantry to outflank the Federal right wing; but this purpose was defeated by the effective fire of Burnap's battery, and by the expert marksmen of the infantry, which broke the advancing line of the enemy, routed them, and threw them into such confusion that they retired wholly from the field.

And now all the troops on both sides, excepting those just referred to, joined in battle. General Veatch commanded the first line of the Federal forces with great gallantry. His men were quickly engaged with those whom the enemy had thrown across the bridge. A desperate contest here ensued, which lasted twenty minutes, after which four hundred Rebels threw down their arms and surrendered. At the same time hundreds of them fled to the river, plunged in, and swam to the opposite shore. In this contest Colonel Davis, of the forty-sixth Illinois, was severely wounded. While this operation was progressing, General Hurlbut was bringing forward the remainder of the Federal forces to the charge. These all pressed forward toward the bridge, driv ing the enemy before them. The latter were soon compelled to cross

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The Federals promptly followed. The twenty-fifth and fifty-third In. diana, the fourteenth and fifteenth Illinois, began the passage, amid a deluge of canister and grape-shot, which swept the bridge. Nothing, however, could dampen their ardor, though many fell in that desperate charge. The twenty-fifth Indiana, led by Colonel Morgan, was the first to gain the opposite side of the bridge. As soon as these troops, together with General Lanman's brigade had passed over, they charged upon the enemy with renewed determination. They soon drove them from every position which they had taken. The twelfth Michigan, sixty-eighth Ohio, and forty-sixth Illinois, fought with unusual determination. The Rebels, unable to maintain their position, removed their guns to new points in the rear. The Federal batteries were in turn brought forward, and the exchange of shot and shell resumed. But soon the guns of the enemy were silenced, and at four o'clock they moved off from the scene of combat. The Federal cavalry pursued. The Rebels hastened up the river six miles to Cram's Mills, whence they continued their flight southward. The fruits of the victory were four rifled howitzers, a thousand stand of arms, and four hundred prisoners. The Federal loss was thirty killed and ninety wounded. After this success they continued to explore the surrounding country for several days to capture fugitive and vagabond Rebels, after which they returned to their camp at Bolivar. The routed Rebels pursued their way to Holly Springs, where they formed a junction with the troops stationed there under General Pillow.

During the first week of October, 1862, an expedition was sent out from Hilton Head, South Carolina, under the command of General Brannan, for the purpose of attacking the Rebel batteries erected at St. John's bluff, and any other works which the enemy might have constructed on the St. John's river, in Florida. The land forces appropriated to this service numbered sixteen hundred men, and were composed chiefly of Connecticut and Pennsylvania troops. They were conveyed by the transports Boston, Cosmopolitan, Neptune, and Ben Deford. The expedition. was accompanied by the gunboats Paul Jones, Water Witch, Cimerone, Hale, Uncas, and Patroon, the last commanded by Captain Charles Steedman. After entering the mouth of St. John's river, several of these boats were sent up to the works on the bluff, for the purpose of reconnoitering them. But they were soon engaged in a spirited contest with them, which developed their real strength. A landing of the troops was subsequently effected at Mayport Mills, near the mouth of the river, and nearly forty miles distant from the scene of action. The march over the intervening country threatened to be one of great difficulty, being intersected by numerous swamps and creeks, in consequence of which the troops. were reëmbarked, and the infantry were subsequently landed at Buck Horn creek. It was found impossible to land the cavalry and artillery at that point. Colonel T. H. Good was ordered to proceed with the infantry

and marine howitzers to the head of Mount Pleasant creek, and there establish a position to protect the landing of the cavalry and artillery. This movement was effected with skill and success, and on the 3d of October the whole Federal force was disembarked, and placed in position at the head of Mount Pleasant creek, about two miles distant from the Rebel works on St. John's bluff.

The force which the enemy had assembled here consisted of about twelve hundred troops, both cavalry and artillery. Their batteries contained nine heavy pieces of artillery. It was naturally expected that they would have made a vigorous resistance. The surprise of the Federal officers and men was therefore intense when, having advanced toward the works and commenced a regular bombardment of them, no reply was made. Their astonishment increased when it was subsequently discovered that the fortifications, and the guns in them, had been abandoned by their chivalrous defenders. They were instantly taken possession of, the stars and stripes unfurled from the flag-staff, and the camps and batteries occupied by the entire Federal force. The position was found to be one of superior strength. The works had been skilfully constructed. The natural advantages of the position were great, and they had been improved by every appliance of military art. The artillery was soon placed on board the Federal gunboats. The magazines in the forts were blown up, and the works on the bluff were completely destroyed.

After this easy and agreeable achievement, the expedition proceeded up the St. John's river as far as Jacksonville, for the purpose of overtaking the fugitive Rebels. Having arrived at that point, General Brannan discovered that not only were there no troops of the enemy in the vicinity, but that the town had been deserted by nearly all of its inhabitants. Few were left behind but old men and children. A more perfect spectacle of desolation than the place presented could not possibly be conceived. Here it was ascertained that the enemy commenced to evacuate their works on St. John's bluff immediately after the arrival of the Federal troops at Mount Pleasant creek, on the 3d of October. On the 6th, General Brannan was informed that several Rebel steamers had been secreted in a creek some distance up the St. John's river. He immediately despatched the Darlington, with a hundred men of the forty-seventh Pennsylvania, a crew of twenty-five men, and two twenty-four pounders, under the command of Lieutenant Williams, together with a convoy of gunboats, to secure them. This party returned to Jacksonville on the 9th, having in tow the steamer Governor Milton, which they had captured about thirty miles from the town of Enterprise. Subsequently, General Brannan conducted the whole expedition back again to Hilton Head, and arrived on the 13th of October. The enterprise was completely successful, though in consequence of the cowardice of the enemy in abandoning their works on St. John's bluff, no engagement occurred during its progress. The only