time is occupied in carrying on the education of the place. He likewise filled the office of public preacher, and delivered many of those discourses which have been subsequently printed among his academical sermons. In 1826 he published his work on the Antenicene Fathers, in which he selected all those portions of their writings which bear on the question of the Trinity, gave them, in a literal translation, with the original text in the same page, and appended such observations as the nature of the quotation seemed to require. This is an invaluable work, and an unanswerable testimony of the faith of the primitive Church on this most important article. During the next year he edited Bishop Bull's works, a task of great labour, for he verified all the quotations, and corrected a vast number of errors which had crept into former editions. In 1829 he gave his course of Bampton Lectures, "An Inquiry into the Heresies of the Apostolic Age," on which, above all his other literary productions, his fame as a divine must be founded. But it is hardly necessary to dwell on the learning of Dr. Burton; few men in our day have surpassed him in this particular; and, considering his age, and the general turn of his numerous acquirements, few men have brought a larger stock of real professional knowledge to promote the cause of Christianity; but all his labours, as an author, were directed to the promotion of Christian learning; he felt, and knew, with every real friend of our holy religion, that sound Christian learning is peculiarly wanted among a nation of well-informed believers, and he directed his exertions as a professor to the promotion of this object. To this we owe his History of the first Three Centuries, and all the subsequent exertions of his most useful life. In 1829 it pleased Almighty God to take off, by a death equally unexpected and equally deplored, the predecessor under whom he had been acting as chaplain, and with whom there had always existed a most entire intimacy; and on this occasion the chair, for which the feelings and the judgment of the University had long pointed him out, was at once most handsomely offered him by the Duke of Wellington. His energies were now directed to the work to which he had been called. He felt that the religious tone of the rising generation of churchmen must, in a great measure, depend, under God, on himself; and he was anxious that learning and Christian zeal should combine in rendering the clergy useful to their country. He carried on the Private Divinity Lectures on the plan which had been commenced by his predecessor, and published the History of the Three First Centuries, in order to aid his pupils in the acquisition of sound and early ecclesiastical history. His life was a very laborious one; too laborious, perhaps, if we merely view it with human eyes, for his exertions have probably shortened his days; but God seeth differently, and the example of every man whose labours have contributed to hasten his own death, will, probably, excite many more to follow his laborious steps. His constitution was never strong; he had, however, generally enjoyed pretty good health till towards the two or three last years of his life, but a growing weakness in the lungs was gradually destroying him, and his immediate death was probably hastened by a little want of care. The termination of his life was quite unexpected, though those who knew him intimately must have long entertained fears about him. It must have been unexpected even to himself, for he had visited Oxford, and transacted business there within a week of his decease; indeed, within ten days of that period he had done the whole duty at Ewelme, when he ought to have been in bed. His end was accompanied with much of fever, attending the inflammation on the chest, but his patience and serenity were most extraordinary throughout. Once, and once only, was he the least ruffled, and then only to complain for a moment of the suffocating sensation as almost beyond endurance. On the Sunday before his death, he told his wife that his end was near, and gave directions about his funeral, and various matters; after this he said extremely little; his last articulate words were to the effect that "he felt his faith firm." The The funeral was, according to his direction, strictly private, but exhibited a very touching scene. church and churchyard were crowded with parishioners in deep and silent sorrow. His parish, Ewelme, in Oxfordshire, was his enjoyment; he had laid out a very large sum in beautifying the interior of the church; he had fitted up the parochial school, and had done more for the benefit of his parish in every way than most men are able to accomplish, whose undivided attention can be devoted to their parochial duties alone. Indeed, this feature in his character contributed peculiarly, in combination with his other qualities, to render his labours as a Divinity Professor singularly valuable. He was not merely the learned divine, but the learned teacher leading his pupils to apply their theology to the practical purposes of the Christian ministry. His personal example proved to the young candidate for orders whose whole heart and soul were devoted to the duties in which he was about to engage, that learning would not merely give a lustre to his acquirements, but contribute to guide him in the paths of spiritual usefulness. He taught the learned student, by the same most convincing of arguments, that a zealous attention to the sacred duties of his profession would sanctify his previous acquirements to the service of his Redeemer. He combined in a very striking degree the parish-priest with the professor of Theology, and showed that the duties of the one were not only compatible with those of the other, but that they aided and mutually increased the value of each other. He was a blessing to the University, and a blessing to his parish. In him the character of a well-informed and agreeable gentleman was heightened by that of the pious Christian, and all his talents were directed to lead others into the same path of usefulness in which his own steps had trodden; he saw the value of learning, and he tried to induce others to study with the same zeal as had rendered him so conspicuous in his professional acquirements. He felt the value of Christianity and he tried to lead others to the same waters of salvation in which he had so copiously and freely participated, which were his joy in his day of worldly prosperity, and his firm support when the hour of dissolution approached. His death at the present moment may be esteemed a national calamity; but the same power which raised him up, may raise up others to supply the exigencies of the Church, and the example of such a man may be rendered the effective means of exciting many another to follow in his steps. And the merciful God who hath deprived us of one to whom we had looked as a master in Israel, may perform the work which our ignorance had assigned him, and show us that His strength is perfected by our weakness. To smell a turf of fresh earth is wholesome for the body; no less are the thoughts of mortality cordial to the soul. Earth thou art, to earth thou shalt return.-FULLER. COBALT. COBALT is a semi-metal of gray colour, with a shade of red, and, of course, goes through many preparations before it is brought to the state in which we see it. Cobalt is found in several parts of Europe, but most plentifully in the south of France and in Saxony. This substance is also found in some parts of our own country, particularly the Mendip Hills in Somersetshire, and a mine near Penzance, in Cornwall. Cobalt is also found in Stirlingshire. I remember to have read that the name of this metal, which implies an evil being, (Kobold, in German, is goblin,) was given it on account of the vapour of arsenic with which the ore is combined, issuing from it, and making the miners believe they are tormented by evil spirits. It was once customary in Germany to introduce in the Church Service a prayer that God would preserve miners and their works from cobalts and spirits. The working of the Cobalt ores in Germany is considered so injurious, on account of the arsenic combined with them, that the work is often performed by criminals, who have deserved the punishment of death. A celebrated Swedish chemist, named Brant, in the year 1733, discovered Cobalt as a metal. After the ore has been pounded in mills, sifted through brass-wire sieves, and undergone many other preparations to free it from impurities, it is found very valuable in the colouring of porcelain, in painting, and for other purposes. The most permanent blue colours known, are cobalt and ultramarine. They were generally used by the old painters for the sky, and for blue draperies; and it has been observed, that those parts, in old pictures, have been much more durable than others. ULTRAMARINE. ULTRAMARINE is manufactured from the mineral called Lapis lazuli, Azure-stone, or Lazulite. The mineral is of an azure blue colour in various shades, and generally accompanied with white or clouded spots. It is opaque, and in some parts is sufficiently hard to strike fire with steel. a few yards of it, about six feet long, and nearly as broad, and upon this stone almost constantly, but always when they had young, the gentleman and his servants found a number of grouse, partridges, hares, rabbits, ducks, snipes, ptarmigans, rats, mice, &c., and sometimes kids, fawns, and lambs. When the young Eagles were able to hop the length of this stone, to which there was a narrow road hanging over a dreadful precipice, the Eagles, he learned, often brought hares and rabbits alive, and placing them before their young, taught them to kill and tear them to pieces, as a cat brings live mice to her kittens, and teaches them to kill them. Sometimes, it seems, hares, rabbits, rats, &c., not being sufficiently weakened by wounds, got off from the young ones, while they were amusing themselves with them; and one day a rabbit escaped into a hole, where the old Eagle could not find it. The parent bird, another day, brought to her young ones the cub of a fox, which, after it had fought well, and desperately bitten the young ones, attempted to make its escape up the hill, and would, in all probability, have accomplished it, had not the shepherd, who was watching the motion of the Eagles, with a view to shoot them, which they do with bullets (Swan-shot not being able to penetrate their feathers), prevented it. As the Eagles kept what might be called such an excellent store-house, whenever visiters camé unexpectedly, the owner said that he was in the frequent habit of sending his servants to see what his neighbours the birds had to spare; and that they scarcely ever returned without some dainty dishes for his table, game of all kinds being rather the better than the worse for being kept a certain time. When the gentleman or his servants carried off things from the shelf or table near the nest (for it was a work of great hazard to approach the nest itself), the Eagles lost no time in bringing another supply; but when they did not take them away, the old ones loitered about, and were very inactive, amusing themselves with their young, till the stock of food had nearly come to an end. While the hen Eagle was hatching, the table or shelf on the rock was generally kept well furnished for her use; and when she was in that state, or the Eaglets very young, the male bird generally tore a wing from the fowls for her, or a leg from the animals captured. These Eagles, as is generally the case with birds that are not gregarious, that is, which do not live together, or assemble in flocks, were faithful to each other, and would not permit even their young after they had grown up to build a nest, or live near them, but drove them off to a considerable distance. This gentleman did not learn whether these Eagles were in the habit of sparing lambs, kids, &c., in their own immediate neighbourhood, which it has been said they do in some places. Thus, in the Shiant Islands, a cluster of wild and retired rocks, situated amongst the Hebrides, or Western Islands of Scotland, the natives assert that the Eagles, which are, or rather were, very numerous there, particularly in the breed Lapis lazuli is principally brought from Persia, Natolia, and China; it is also found in Siberia and Tartary, and it has been discovered in Germany, and among the ruins of Rome. Some years ago, this stone was much used for rings, and various ornamental parts of dress, as it will take a very high polish. It was also cut into ornamental vases and snuff-boxes, and before the French revolution it was imported into that country from the Persian Gulf, for the inlaying of decorated altars. For the making of ultramarine, those pieces of Lapis-lazuli are selected which contain the greatest proportion of blue substance. These are burned or calcined, reduced to a fine powder, made into a paste with wax, linseed oil, and different resinous matters, and afterwards separated by washing. The powder that is left in this operation, which requires much time and great attention to perform, is ultramarine.--Cressingham Rectory.ing season, scrupulously abstained from providing AN EAGLE'S NEST. SOME of the larger birds of prey, particularly when they have their young to provide for, are in the habit of collecting an over-abundance of provisions on the high rocks where their nests are situated. A curious account of one of these Eagle nest-larders is related by a gentleman who was visiting at a friend's house in Scotland, near which he went to see a nest, which, for several summers, two Eagles had occupied; it was upon a rock, or a hill. There was a stone within their young ones with animals belonging to the island THE USEFUL ARTS. No. XXVI. ANIMALS OF THE CHASE, continued ALTHOUGH the Elephant has been employed in a domesticated state from the remotest antiquity, yet, unlike other animals reclaimed by man, it does not breed in captivity, or at least not in sufficient numbers to balance the mortality among those employed; accordingly, the capture of the wild elephant is a constant pursuit in the East, especially in the Island of Ceylon. The method of capturing troops of Elephants has already been described. (See Vol. VI., p. 114.) In Africa this noble animal is not at all employed for domestic purposes; on that continent he is hunted and destroyed principally for the sake of his tusks. In Abyssinia Elephants are chased by two men, named Agageers; one manages the horse on which they are both mounted, while the other carries a short sword, part of the blade of which is covered with whipcord, to admit of its being held in the hand. These men, having selected an Elephant from the herd, or having met a single one, attract his attention, and by riding up to him excite his anger, and provoke him to pursue them; the horseman then wheels about as he is riding from the enraged Elephant, and allows his companion to slip down just behind the creature, whom he houghs with the sword, and thus disables it; the rider immediately returns and takes up the swordsman, and they are ready for a new attack. It occasionally happens that the Elephant overtakes the hunters, and seizing them and the horse in his trunk, throws the party to the ground, and tramples them to death; or if the dismounted Agageer fail in gaining the saddle again, and the tendon of the Elephant's heel has not been completely severed, he is sometimes overtaken by the creature and instantly killed *. If man wish to reap where he has sowed, it is absolutely necessary to extirpate the wild Elephants, or at least to drive them from the country; for the industry and expectation of a whole year may be frustrated in a single night, by the invasion of the cultivated fields by a troop of these animals. In Southern Africa, in the more remote districts, the Elephants multiply and thrive so fast, that herds of from two to three thousand are sometimes seen at once on the banks of the rivers. The progress of such hosts through the large and intricate forests is marked by a devastation of the trees, that give a landed proprietor very unpleasant anticipations of the havoc one would make if it intruded into his corn-fields or rice-grounds. Accordingly, the first efforts of a new settlement, in countries See Saturday Magazine, Vol. III., p. 91, for an account of an Elephant Hunt. where the Elephant is indigenous, are directed to this object, and Elephants are now rarely found in the immediate neighbourhood of European settlements long established. Cape Town is become the principal mart for ivory; thither the professional hunters bring it from great distances in the interior. So numerous are the animals, that a party of three or four will sometimes kill five or six hundred in a year. The musket is now the only weapon employed, and in the hands of a good marksman, a single shot will sometimes disable an Elephant, but usually it requires many balls to bring him down, and then he must be despatched by spears, unless, which is too commonly the case, he is left to perish by hunger, till the hunters return to take away the tusks; for an Elephant, when fallen, cannot recover himself, owing to his unwieldy bulk and comparatively short limbs. We have already mentioned that the love of the chase has been in all ages and countries indulged in under the pretence of extirpating animals prejudicial to man. The consequence is, that in all densely peopled countries, the larger kinds have been reduced in their numbers, so as no longer to be formidable, or are gradually being driven beyond the space occupied by increasing population. The Tiger in the East, and the Lion in Africa, however, still maintain their ground, though the constant warfare waged against them threatens, at no very distant period, to make the species rare, if not to extinguish it. It is of course obvious that every mode of destruction is had recourse to, where the object is simply to get rid of the animal. Shooting with a rifle is the most certain, and the annexed engraving will give a good idea of the manner in which the Tiger is killed in Hindostan by the natives of those parts infested by this creature. The existence of a Tiger in the neighbourhood being manifested by the loss of cattle, if not by the death of some unfortuuate native herdsman, the animal's haunt is ascer tained, and the carcass of a deer or bullock placed at the foot of a tree in some adjacent open spot: a platform is put up among the branches, on which the hunter takes his stand, provided with one or more muskets, waiting the approach of the Tiger, which towards evening is sufficiently indicated by the successive retirement from the scene of all the minor beasts of prey attracted by the bait. As the object of his watch approaches with the cautious stealthy pace peculiar to all the tribe, the man is enabled to take a deliberate aim, and the brute generally falls by the first or second shot. Captain Mundy in his Pencil Sketches (from which work, on this as on other occasions, we borrow both our figure and our account) gives numerous spirited accounts of Tiger-hunting, to which we refer our readers. LONDON: Pubushed by JOHN WILLIAM PARKER, WEST STRAND; and sold by all Bookseller. UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COMMITTEE OF GENERAL LITERATURE AND EDUCATION APPOINTED BY THE SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE. 114 THE RHINE. No. II. THE HOCHKREuz, or High Cross, at GodesBERG. THE village of Godesberg stands in the immediate neighbourhood of the celebrated" Seven Mountains,” of which we spoke in our general description of the Rhine, and of which we gave a partial view in a still earlier number*. It is seated at the foot of a moun tain of the same name, which has its summit crowned by the ruins of an old castle; its distance from Bonn is about four miles, and shortly before reaching it the traveller passes the curious monument which is depicted in our engraving. This cross is thirty-six feet in height, and is represented as a work well worthy the attention of the lovers of antiquity. Its origin is disputed. Some say that it formerly existed in the market-place of the ancient Bonn, and others that a lord of Hochkirchen having killed a knight in a duel on this spot, was condemned by the Archbishop Theodoric of Heinsberg, to erect this cross,-which thence derived the name of Hochkirchen Cross, as it was anciently called. "These two opinions," says Beaunoir, " appear neither of them to be correct, and they are formally contradicted by the Chronicles of Cologne, which afford the following explanation on the subject of this monument. "In the year 1333, the Elector Walham of Juliers, caused to be erected the great Cross between Bonn and Godesberg." stranger king who invaded the country in some early age, and with the assistance of the demons whom he served, and to whom he built a temple and offered human sacrifices, carried all before him, till the arrival of the ministers of the Cross. On this event, the fiends fled in dismay, and left their apostate protégé to his fate." It is supposed, that this tradition is a sort of fabulous record of the subjugation of these districts by the emperor Julian the Apostate, and the subsequent conversion of the inhabitants to the Christian religion, in opposition to which that monarch had so strikingly displayed his zeal. The village of Godesberg is rather considerable in extent; it is a pretty cheerful place, according to a recent female writer, "where a few days might be passed very pleasingly, with the assistance of the mountains and the Rhine, which here puts on its character of grandeur and beauty for the first time, or throws it off as we should say were we tracing from its source; for all below Godesberg is comparative insipidity."" The whole of the lower course of the Rhine, from this spot downwards to the sea, offers scarcely any beauties at all,-certainly none which would be sufficient of themselves to attract the steps of strangers to the Rhine. As a matter of course, it would be idle to look for them in passing along any one of the streams which claim to be branches of the Rhine in the low levels of Holland; but taking the point where it first divides, and ascending its current through the Prussian province of Cleves as far as In the mountain of Godesberg there is a mineral Dusseldorf, we find the whole country on both sides spring, known by the name of the Draitscher Quelle, a dead flat, or nearly so, and even when it reaches whose virtues have been demonstrated by a treatise the latter town, it does not much improve. "Low from the pen of a learned German doctor. When natural banks, overgrown with reeds, rushes, and they were discovered, towards the close of the last willows, not unlike the navigation among the Zeacentury, every preparation was made for converting land Isles,-in some places the view shut out by them to the most advantageous use. "The roads artificial embankments; flat meadows of deep green, leading to the village have been repaired," says a interspersed with corn-fields, and here and there a French writer of that period," a large building has poor-looking village, make up, where the banks do been erected at the expense of the prince, and arnot obstruct the view, for the greater part of the rangements have been made for uniting in this spot lower Rhine. In short, the surface on both sides all the delights and conveniences which can be differs not much from that of Holland, having the desired. How beneficial then will this new establish- disadvantage of not being enlivened with those ment become to the village of Godesberg, situated numerous and neat painted houses, trim gardens, and at the foot of the mountain, as well as the electoral avenues of trees which, while they adorn, impart an residence, which is distant but half a league!" The air of cheerfulness and comfort to the inhabitants of extravagant praises which this writer bestows upon the latter country, and which are here wholly wantthe spring, and the advantages of its locality to inva-ing. The greater part of the inhabitants who made lids, seem curious at the present day; like many other projects of a similar kind, the scheme of converting it into a second" Spa," was not attended with the success which its authors desired. A late traveller thus notices it: "Great pains were taken a few years ago to establish it as a regular watering-place, but it does not seem to have met with much success." The Castle of Godesberg is an old ruin "rearing its jagged crumbling top out of the thickets that surround its base." Its construction is evidently of an ancient date, and is supposed to be the work of the Romans. The Chronicles of Cologne tell us, that during the famous "thirty years' war," this castle, containing a garrison of Dutch troops, which had been placed in it by the archbishop elector of Cologne, after his conversion to protestantism, made a vigorous resistance to the troops of Ernest of Bavaria, who had been nominated the new archbishop; and that it was only taken by mining. Tradition is of course busy concerning the origin of this structure, which is generally regarded as one of the most interesting monuments on the Rhine. The emperor Julian the Apostate is commonly presumed to have been the founder; he is alluded to as a *See Saturday Magazine, Vol. III., p. 193., their appearance in and about the villages on the banks of the Rhine were clothed in rags, half naked, dirty, and sun-burnt-almost to blackness." The villages themselves are represented as wearing every mark of extreme poverty, the houses mean, and mostly in a ruinous condition, and surrounded with filth; the women and children, the only persons to be seen, generally ill clad and disgustingly dirty, with "ill-looking vacant countenances, and as brown as Portuguese." The river here runs with a current of at least four miles an hour, and in some of the narrower parts five; the steamers have to struggle hard in ascending against it, and make but a slow passage. On approaching Dusseldorf, the first hills are seen to make their appearance at a short distance behind it; beyond that town, the river winds considerably for some miles, till, on passing a bend near the little town of Neus, a range of "fine blue hills" show themselves in the distance. A little further on, the traveller obtains the first sight of the famous Siebengeberte, or "Seven Mountains," rearing their blue heads just above the horizon; and here, after having been so long wearied with the everlasting deep green of the meadows, swamps, and dykes of Holland," |