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forty feet, and at the castle of Belem, which defended the entrance of the harbour, fifty feet higher than had ever been known. Had it not subsided as suddenly, the whole city would have been overwhelmed. A large new quay sunk to an unfathomable depth, with several hundreds of persons, not one of the bodies of whom was afterwards found. Before the sea thus came rolling in like a mountain, the bar was seen dry from the shore. The terrors of the surviving inhabitants were great and multiplied. Amid the general confusion, and through a scarcity of hands, the dead bodies could not be buried, and it was dreaded that a pestilence would ensue; but from this apprehension they were relieved by the fire, by which these bodies were, for the greater part, consumed. The fears of a famine were better founded; since, during the three days succeeding the earthquake, an ounce of bread was literally worth a pound of gold. Several of the corn magazines, however, having been fortunately saved from the fire, a scanty supply of bread was afterwards procured. Next came the dread of the pillage and murder of those, who had saved any of their effects; and this happened in several instances, until examples were made of the delinquents. The great shock was succeeded about noon by another, when the walls of several houses, which were still standing, were seen to open from the top to the bottom, more than a fourth of a yard, and afterwards to close again so exactly, as not to leave any signs of injury. Between the 1st and the 8th of November twenty-two shocks were reckoned. A boat on the river, about a mile distant from Lisbon, was heard by the passengers to make a noise, as if it had run aground, although then in deep water; they at the same time saw the houses falling, on both sides of the river, in front of which, on the Lisbon side, the greater part of a convent fell, burying many of its inmates beneath the ruins, while others were precipitated into the river. The water

was covered with dust, blown by a strong northerly wind; and the sun was entirely obscured. On landing, they were driven, by the overflowing of the waters, to the high grounds, whence they perceived the sea, at a mile's distance, rushing in like a torrent, although against wind and tide. The bed of the Tagus was in many places raised to its surface; while ships were driven from their anchors, and jostled together with such violence, that their crews did not know whether they were afloat or aground. The master of a ship, who had great difficulty in reaching the port of Lisbon, reported, that being fifty leagues at sea, the shock was there so violent as to damage the deck of the vessel. He fancied he had mistaken his reckoning, and struck on a rock.— Clark's Wonders.

A LETTER TO THE RIGHT HON. W. E. GLADSTONE, M.P., PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD OF CONTROL, ON THE INFLUENCE OF CHURCH PRINCIPLES UPON TRADE.

SIR, May I trouble you with a few very plain remarks which appear to me of great importance; and, as I speak from experience, I may draw attention to the subject?

The Church has the remedy for our social evils in herself: not only are her ministers publicly to declare to us the rules by which we should walk; but we, as the flock, are bound to teach by our example, and enforce with all our influence, the lessons which we learn. That much good would result from such a line of conduct my own experience convinces me, and to this I will advert. A few years ago I succeeded to an old-established business, employing from twenty-five to thirty men and boys the whole of the summer months, and one-third of that number in winter. I was advised by a highly-valued friend to urge upon the men the importance of steady, sober

conduct, to reward those who behaved orderly, and not to forget the good old custom of sometimes providing them a dinner or supper;-to express approbation and censure when needed, and in every way possible to show that the interest of both master and men were promoted by such a course. I followed the advice given, and the results are most satisfactory." The men were formerly idle and dissolute, never at church on Sundays, and on working days they were addicted to swearing and other evil practices; now I see them clean and orderly in their behaviour at home, and they are regular at church. The business never stands still, because my men now never waste their time at the ale-house; and they themselves are reaping the benefit in having more money at their command, and in knowing how to spend it.

Many masters appear to think, that they have no further concern with their workmen than that they should perform a sufficient quantity of work for the wages paid; so far from being anxious that the money should be properly spent, some will encourage their men to spend it at the ale-house, by paying them there on the Saturday night, and this to secure the publican's custom. Others wink at acts of great immorality in a clever workman, even if committed on their own premises; they fear to discharge him, lest they should not be able to supply his place. If, however, the master does venture to reprove what is done on week-days, he conceives it is no business of his, whether his men are at the ale-house or at church on the Sunday. He flatters himself his own interest does not suffer, and cares nothing for the moral responsibility which attaches to him, or the interests of those he employs; but he is miserably deceived, for by neglecting his duty he is injuring himself and the community; for drunkenness brings on pauperism, and pauperism increases poor-rates. Let the master encourage sobriety and industry in his servants, identify his interest with theirs, and he will soon find

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his reward.

The Church in solemn voice warns those who oppress or lead astray the poor, whom she views as her especial charge, and promises blessings on those who remember them. What greater pleasure can there be for a master, than to see his men walking and working orderly on the week-day, and to see them with himself, at the sound of the bell, repairing to the house of GOD on the LORD's day in neat attire, to join in the holy service of the Church? And is not his own interest thereby promoted? It is the duty of the master in cases of irregularity or immorality, where persuasion or the force of example is of no avail, to use that power which is given him by GoD, and enforce obedience; and the man who is compelled at first to be sober, becomes so in course of time from principle: the man who, against his will, is compelled to attend at church, by degrees obtains decent clothes to appear in, while the comfort derived therefrom confirms the habit, and he ultimately views it as a duty and a privilege; he thus becomes a useful member of society, and both master and man are blessed in this world and the next.

If this rule were universally adopted, then we should have the church filled, the alehouses during the whole of the Sunday, and fields during divine service empty, and avoid the pain of meeting on this holy day many of our fellow-creatures in the streets of our Christian country, in a state worse than can be found in barbarous climes. While we are so worldly and selfish, we cannot expect to prosper. May I be so bold, sir, as to ask you to impress again and again upon the minds of our great statesmen my homely advice; and tell them, if they would restore trade to a wholesome condition, they must think very much less about improving the tariff, and very much more about improving the moral and social condition of the people?

Before I conclude, I would just hint at one other subject. We are not so prosperous in worldly matters as we might be, because we forget that " every

good cometh from God," and that He claims a portion of it for His especial service-where this is withheld He often withdraws His blessings; where it is cheerfully apportioned to Him, in due time He returns it double. In the patriarchal dispensation we have Abraham and Jacob to instruct us: under the law the first-fruits were devoted to GoD, a tenth of all was set apart for His service; and where in the Gospel is the duty abolished? And does not the principle apply to us as tradesmen ? What can be a

happier state of things than for the tradesman to recognise in every blesssing the hand of GoD, and cheerfully devote to His service the first-fruits of his trade, and, in calculating his income, to lay aside a portion for God's glory? This I conceive would be the right means of Church extension, would counteract the evils now in existence, deprive the union work-house of its inmates, and make our country what it ought to be in every sense of the word-a Christian land.

I am, &c.

A YOUNG TRADESMAN. From the English Churchman.

WHAT IS CHRISTIAN UNITY?

Ir is a common notion, at the present day, that there must of necessity be sects among Christians, and that this therefore is no violation of Christian Unity, because, of course, our LORD did not command any thing impossible. On this ground it is thought that Christian Unity does not require that men should all be members of one and the same outward and visible Church; but only that, while they remain divided into many sects, (or denominations, as they are now called,) they should carefully guard against unchristian tempers, they should cultivate friendly feelings, should speak well of each other, and join in works of charity and devotion as far as they can. Thus, for instance, the British and

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