...(1890); United States v. Germaine, 99 US 508 (1879). In contrast, an officer is an "appointee exercising significant authority pursuant to the laws of the United States." Buckley v. Valeo, supra at 126. Whether an individual is an officer rather than an employee "is determined by the manner...

...Appointments Clause, Art. 2, S 2, Cl. 2 of the Constitution, which requires that anyone "exercising significant authority pursuant to the laws of the...United States," Buckley v. Valeo, 424 US 1, 126 (1976), be appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, or, where authorized by Congress,...

...Clause provides that "no Person holding any Office under the United States" — which includes all those who "exercis[e] significant authority pursuant to...the 'laws of the United States" (Buckley v.. Valeo, supra, 424 US at 126 ) — "shall be, a- Member' of either House during his Continuance in Office."...

...appointed by the President. Under the Supreme Court ' s~ holding in Buckley v. Valeo, 424 US 1, 126 (1976), persons who exercise "significant authority pursuant to the laws of the United States" must be appointed in accordance with the Appointments Clause of the Constitution. Art. II,...

...be exercised in light of the duties delegated see 2 USC § 601(a)(2), and hence may not "exercisfe] significant authority pursuant to the laws of the United States," Buckley v. Valeo, supra, at 126; see US Const., Art. II, §2, cl. 2. The exercise of rulemaking authority by an independent...

...constitutionally be exercised in light of the duties delegated see 2 USC § 601(a)(2), and hence may not "exercis[e] significant authority pursuant to the laws of the United States," Buckley vV-aleo, supra, at 126; see US Const., Art. II, §2, cl. 2. The exercise of rulemaking authority by...

...attorneys general to enforce FTC rules. Enforcing federal regulations clearly constitutes the exercise of 'significant authority pursuant to the laws of the...United States.' Buckley v. Valeo. 424 US 1, 126 (1976). Therefore, under Buckley, if the state attorneys general are to enforce federal regulations they would...

...Budget Office, who is appointed by Congress, see 2 USC § 601(a)(2), and hence may not "exercisfe] significant authority pursuant to the laws of the United States," Buckley v. Valeo, supra, at 126; see US Const., Art. II, §2, cl. 2. The exercise of rulemaking authority by an independent...

...Clause of the Constitution (art. II, sec. 2, cl. FJ requires that 'officers or tne united state*..* ie— those persons who exercise •significant authority...United states,- Buckley v. Valeo. 424 US 1, 126 (1976), be appointed by one of two methods. An officer of the United States may be appointed by the President...

...(1890); United States v. Germaine, 99 US 508 (1879). In contrast, an officer is an "appointee exercising significant authority pursuant to the laws of the United States." Buckley v. Valeo, supra at 126. Whether an individual is an officer rather than an employee "is determined by the manner...