CONDITIONAL.

Made by adding the pronoun suffixes to -by, which is appended to the participial form, as kochałbym. In the plural we have the usual kochati and kochały, with the personal suffixes.

The pluperfect is formed by adding to the perfect był, which is inflected in the manner previously shown.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

Perfect.

This is aby, with the usual personal suffixes appended to the inflected participial form in t.

OPTATIVE.

The same, oby being added instead of aby.

The tenses, which are wanting to the imperfect verb

kochać, are supplied by the perfect verb ukochać.

SECOND CONJUGATION.

The characteristic of this conjugation is iesz or esz in the second person singular present.

Formed from the participial form grzebał, with the addition of the suffixes, as in the preceding verb. The same remarks apply to the pluperfect and future.

Grzeb.

IMPERATIVE.

Niech or niechaj grzebię.

Grzebmy.

Grzebcie.

Niech or niechaj grzebią.

Also another form with the addition of the enclitic że.

CONDITIONAL.-Grzebałbym.

Cf. the former under kochać, also the pluperfect on the same model.

SUBJUNCTIVE.-Abym grzebał.
OPTATIVE.-Obym grzebał.

}

Cf. with kochać.

GERUND.-Grzebiąc, bringing.'

Other tenses are supplied to this verb by the perfect or complete form pogrzebać. Verbs belonging to this conjugation which end in ować, iwać and ywać, and are generally derivatives, change their termination into uję, ujesz, uje, &c., in the present.

The following rules may help to ascertain how the verbs ending in ać belonging to this conjugation form their present, this being in reality the only difficulty in the Polish verb:

:

When the final consonant of the stem is b, m, p, the vowel must be added before the personal suffixes; as,

Łamię, 'I break,' from lamać.

Łamięsz.

Łamię.

Łamięmy.

Łamięscie.

Łamią.

When the final consonant is s or w, preceded by another consonant, the i is only added to the second and third

persons of the singular, and the first and second of the plural; thus

Zwę, 'I call.'
Zw-i-esz.

Zw-i-e.

Zw-i-emy.

Zw-i-ecie.

Zw-ą.

If the final consonant of the stem is s, preceded by a vowel, as pisać, 'to write,' this hard consonant is changed into the soft sz, as piszę, I write.' So also other hard consonants which precede ać are changed into the soft consonants corresponding to them; as Igać, to lie,' łzę; plakać, to weep,' placzę. When the termination of the stem is sz, it becomes szcz, as głaskać, to pat with the hand,' glaszczę; so also r is changed into rz, t into c, and z into ż.

In the monosyllabic verbs, brać, ‘to take,' prać, ‘to wash lincn,' and the verbs compounded from them, io is inserted between the first and final consonants of the stem in the first person singular and third person plural; as, biorę, bierzesz, bierze, bierzemy, bierzecie, biorą.

Verbs ending in ąć.

When the root consonant is d, in the inflections m must be put after it, with the vowel i in all the persons, except the first and last, as dąć, to breathe.'

When the final consonant of the stem is n, an i must be added to all the persons of the present except the first sin

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gular and the third plural, as pragnąć, to be thirsty;' the

present of which is thus inflected

Pragnę.

Pragniesz.

Pragnie.

Pragniemy.

Pragniecie.

Pragną.

The present tense of the verbs ciąć, ' to cut,' giąć, 'to fold,'

In many verbs ending in nąć, the n disappears entirely in the inflection of the perfect, as rosnąć, to grow.'

Verbs terminated in this way, as ciec, ' to flow,' piec, 'to cook,' change the consonant c into k in the present, in the first person singular, and third płural.

Piekę.
Pieczesz.

Piecze.

Pieczemy.

Pieczecie.

Pieką.