with much self-gratulation that she was a Christian, and attended the prayer-meeting several times every day. Desirous to know how far she had been instructed in the religion she professed, I inquired through Marini the grounds of her conversion. She replied that she could not exactly describe them, but that the missionary Bengham, who understood reading and writing perfectly well, had assured her that the Christian faith was the best: and that, seeing how far the Europeans and Americans, who were all Christians, surpassed her compatriots in knowledge, she concluded that their belief must be the most reasonable. "If, however," she added, "it should be found unsuited to our people, we will reject it, and adopt another."-vol. ii. pp. 205-9.

When Captain Kotzebue repeated his visit one morning he found her lying extended on the floor writing him a letter. On one occasion he called at dinner-time; she was lying stretched on her prodigious stomach upon some fine mats before the looking-glass; a number of China dishes were arranged in a semi-circle before her, and the attendants were employed in handing first one and then another to her Majesty. She ate voraciously whilst two boys flapped away the flies with large bunches of feathers: the quantity of food she eat was prodigious. After the entrance of Captain Kotzebue, she eat enough to satisfy six men, and those Russians; at least, the estimate is Kotzebue's. After she was satisfied, she drew her breath two or three times with apparent difficulty, and then exclaimed, "I have eaten famously!" By the assistance of her attendants, she then turned upon her back and made a sign with her hand to a tall strong fellow who seemed prepared for duty. He immediately sprang upon her body and kneaded her as unmercifully with his knees and fists as if she had been a trough of bread: this was done to favour digestion. After groaning a little at this ungentle treatment, and taking a short time to recover herself, she ordered her royal person to be again turned on the stomach and recommenced her meal. Nomahanna and her fat hog are the greatest curiosities in Wahee. By a natural sympathy with fatness she loves every thing en bon point. This hog is black, of extraordinary size, and the Queen feeds him to suffocation as other ladies do Dutch pugs. He has two Kanackas to attend upon him, and can scarcely move from obesity, to use a word almost too fine for bacon. Nomahanna had her portrait taken by one of the officers of the Enterprise. Her people took great interest in the progress of the picture when the nose was drawn, the spectators exclaimed, now Nomahanna can smell;" when the eyes were done, "now Nomahanna can see." Kahumanna, another

widow of Tameamea, appears to be more nearly connected with the government: she is under the entire influence of the missionary Bengham. It is he who forbids a fire to be kindled on a Sunday: no baking is permitted on that day. He has prohibited all games and sports, and would not even permit Lord Byron to shew his magic lantern and other similar toys, as being unworthy the attention of a god-fearing people. It is he who has driven even the country natives, who cultivate land at a distance, into the capital, where they bivouac in order to learn to read. The people are, however, becoming disgusted with these regulations, and as they attribute every thing to their new faith, it is to be feared that they will abandon it as lightly as they adopted it. Such is the natural result of indiscreet zeal. As this article was intended only to comprise a sketch of the new matter in this voyage, we necessarily omit a great number of very amusing particulars connected with the progress of these people in civilization, which will well repay the trouble of reference to the book itself.

After leaving the Sandwich Islands, Captain Kotzebue resolved upon sailing on a track that had never been followed by any preceding navigator. He was rewarded by the discovery of some groups of islands which have not been previously noticed, and which he had the satisfaction of naming. He then sailed to the Ladrones and the Philippine Islands; and, subsequently, we find him at St. Helena, where we may leave him. Previous to his visit to the Sandwich Islands, he is stationed off Kamschatka, and in Norfolk Sound: we possess, however, of the former country in the work of Dobell, and of this opposite part of North America, accounts so much more copious and valuable, that this portion of the voyage need not detain us for a moment.

ART. III.-Greek-English School Lexicon, containing all the words that occur in the books used at School, and in the undergraduate course of Trinity College, Dublin. By the Rev. Thos. Dix Hincks, M. R. I. A. Professor of Hebrew, and Master of the Classical School in the Belfast Institution. Small 4to. Cumming. 2nd Edit. 1831.

THIS

HIS small Lexicon deserves a notice among the number that are annually appearing in Great Britain and Ireland. That the reader may not be deceived by the title page, the compiler has given a list of those authors or parts of authors for the explanation of which the Lexicon is intended; and it is only fair to state what these books are, for otherwise an

English Student might be led by the title page to suppose that the book was adapted for English Schools and Colleges. The authors are, Æschines' oration against Ctesiphon; Eschylus Agamemnon; Aristotle's treatise on Rhetoric; Schæfer's edition of Demosthenes, to the end of the oration about the Crown; six plays of Euripides; Homer's Iliad; Longinus; Lucian; (only parts, Walker's and Stock's Selections); New Testament; Sophocles; Xenophon's Cyropædia, Anabasis, and Memorabilia. It appears, then, from this enumeration that Herodotus and Thucydides are not included in the undergraduate course of Trinity College, Dublin, and that the Lexicon is not intended to help those who wish to study either of these historians.

There is one part of the author's plan that deserves commendation. He has discarded altogether the use of the common Lexicons, trusting to better authorities such as Sturzius (Lexicon Xenophont.), Schleusner and others; and he has, also, constantly referred to Passow's edition of Schneider's Greek and German Lexicon. This is a step to improvement; for as long as our Lexicon makers shall go on furbishing up the worthless matter of Schrevelius, but few comparatively will attempt to learn the Greek language, and still fewer will succeed.

The compiler has also given a list of various Lexicons and other philological works which he has frequently consulted, and occasionally quoted. An examination of this list gives rise to a suspicion, which is amply confirmed by an examination of the book, that the compiler has regarded the opinions of others more than he has thought for himself, and that he has not discriminated with sufficient accuracy between the value, as authority, of Schneider, Buttmann, &c. on one side, and Trollope, Brasse, &c. on the other. In the same list we find the excellent German critics whom we have just mentioned, and some domestic critics of our own who have entirely mistaken their vocation. Before proceeding to a particular examination of some words we must make a few additional remarks on the general plan and character of the work.

The author informs us in his Preface, that "he has marked the quantities of the doubtful vowels on the best authorities." But this is done very imperfectly, the doubtful vowel in numerous instances being left without any mark, as in Kiev: ávía: μía: αὐθάδης: ἄτη : λίθινος, which belongs to a class of words: τίνω : iuáriov and others. "Aptorov a meal, and, aptoros, bravest, are not marked at all, tho' the initial syllable of the first word is long, and of the second, short; by which variation a different etymological origin is clearly shown. "Apioros, bravest is correctly assigned to apns, the God of war, as its base, but

nothing is said of aptorov, of which the true etymology is hinted at even by Schrevelius. From no the root of noi, in the morning, we have ἤριστον, οι άριστον, a morning meal, just as we have from the element δορπ, the word δόρπιστος οι δόρπηστος, αν evening meal. Nor is dópriorоç formed from Spéπw, to pluck, or its imaginary equivalent dépro, as the editor says, trusting to Valpy's Fundamental Words and to Lennep, but from an element which is the same as that found in the Latin word dormio.

A great fault in Schrevelius and most other Lexicons is the introduction of many imaginary words, which has been done under the pretext of explaining, by their aid, the forms of many real words. But this is a process entirely useless, and also exceedingly pernicious. The imaginary word often gets more firmly seated in the memory than the real word, which it is intended to explain. Besides we do not introduce such words into Latin, or French Lexicons, where they would be just as useful, (that is, just as useless,) as they are in our Greek Lexicons. The author of the Lexicon under consideration says, that "he has inclosed all imaginary words in a parenthesis, as he thought it better not entirely to omit them." This, however, he has not done in all cases: for daw, Tμnyw, and some more that we could mention are not included in brackets; and they are undoubtedly imaginary words.

Another fault of this Lexicon lies in the author's halting between two opinions, instead of choosing the right one. For example, under äурʊπνоç, sleepless, he gives two explanations of the etymology, one absurd and impossible, the other correct. "Aуpuπvos, according to the worthies of the Schrevelian School is from a priv. Tvoc sleep, with yo inserted by Epenthesis. Just as well might we say that a man's nose is inserted in his face by Epenthesis: the nose is an integral and important part of the face, and so is yo of the word aypurvos. The other explanation which he gives accounts for the word thus: from ayow =ἔγρω for ἐγείρω, to rouse, and ὕπνος. This is correct except in a small matter, which however runs all through the book. When the author gives such a word as ἄγρω = ἔγρω (and observe, he does not put it in brackets), the student must believe that there is a verb ayow, which there is not. The real element is ayo or eye which prefixed to üvоç produces that word which αγρ εγρ is the subject of our discussion.

This leads us to observe, and to prove by particular instances, that, though the author has in many examples given better etymological explanations than are found in the most common books, there is yet no systematic exhibition of etymological prin

ciples which will lead a student to more correct views. The author has intended apparently to distinguish the mere nominal or verbal terminations from the rest of the word; but it is done in such a way as to conceal those facts which a more appro priate division of the word would at once explain to the eye and the understanding. He writes and divides thus, λauro-os λάμπω, λαμπτήρ, &c., instead of λαμπ-ρὸς, λάμπω, λαμπ-τὴρ. By writing them in the latter way, the element λaun, bright, is distinct, and cannot fail to attract attention. Aaμπ-pòs being thus written, if aк-poç, μaк-pòs, &c. were written in the same way instead of being written ἄκρος, μακρὸς (as Mr. Hincks writes them), the student would learn the elements aк, μaк, and would be led to observe the suffix poc which is attached to all of them. Mr. Hincks may have intended merely to mark the nominal or verbal terminations, as we have observed, but there is an inconsistency in writing λαμπρὸς and λαμ-πω, as os is the nominal ending in one case, and w the verbal ending in the other. Nor can it be alleged in reply, that λau-πw is so written that the student may observe the characteristic consonant of the verb, since it is equally apparent if it is written λáμπ-w.

The author remarks in his preface, that " he has endeavoured to arrange the meanings, and to curtail the number of them, though in this respect he has in some words been less successful than he had hoped to have been." In this remark we entirely concur. He has often judiciously limited the number of significations, and sometimes arranged them in better order, yet frequently he has not succeeded at all in doing this. For example, under the word run, we find not fewer than one-and-twenty significations arranged under four different heads, marked 1, 2, 3, 4. Under head 4, we find " price, value," and seven more significations. Now we propose to place the significations of price, value," under No. 1.; and to derive from this all other significations, instead of putting it last. The abstract notions of "esteem and honor," are put under head 1., where certainly they ought not to be. A similar defect in arrangement may be seen under the word din, where "justice, right" are given as the primary significations. Every body knows that "justice" is a most indefinite notion; and as right," the word has given rise to more discussion and confusion than the rights of many things deserve.

to "

In the usage of the prepositions, this Lexicon contains some improvements. Most of the important significations are explained by actual examples, which are translated; and if the Editor had always given an example, which contained a verb, there would be little to find fault with on this head, except its