mosque to hear read the litany for the house of Timur. He commanded neither authority nor respect. Crouched on the throne of Aurungzebe, he mumbled and chatted about Allah and fate, and when the Sepoys came and bullied him, tore his hair and called down God's curses upon those who had led him into the valley of bitterness. A shell burst in his palace and made so great an impression upon him that he retired to the Xoorthul with his wives. Then he offered to give up Delhi and the palace if his life and the lives of his sons were spared. The green banner of the Moslem was unfurled. In all the Delhi mosques were fanatics preaching death to the English. Ambassadors were sent to Persia, to Cabul, and Cashmere to coax assistance, to lead native princes to break their allegiance. Let it be remembered that the father of Shere Ali, the man whose throne the English have upset, was loyal to England at a time when a wave of his hand would have sent his warlike Afghans swarming in a destructive horde upon the Punjab. There were prophets and magicians to keep up the imperial spirit by hopeful prophecies and omens. The soldiers would submit to no authority. The Hindoos and Mohammedans fought because the latter wished to kill the sacred cow. Sometimes the merchants were murdered for demanding the price of their goods. Starvation and crime were paramount.

On the 20th of September the siege of Delhi came to an end, and the town was stormed and taken. The gallantry of the assault can only find a parallel in the noblest annals of heroism. The Cashmere gate was blown open by men who offered their lives. But once in the town the glory of the capture was stained by cruelty. The soldiers, whose courage had been warmed before the assault by a double ration of grog, broke into liquor stores and reveled in rum and champagne. The mutineers fought with courage and fury. British soldiers, many of them, fell down drunk, and even some of the guards were surprised and slain. What interfered with the assault was the plunder of wine shops and bazaars. Brandy and wine were destroyed to keep the army from degenerating into a helpless drunken mob. The plunder of the city was promised to the

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army, but the native soldiers of the British corps carried off Citizens of the town, many costly stuffs and sometimes women.

of whom were known to have wished well to the English, were shot as they knelt and asked for mercy. Wounded Sepoys were dragged out of their hiding-places and put to death. The palace was taken, and all who were in hiding were put to the bayonet. The king and his sons escaped to the majestic pile in the suburbs of the city called the tomb of Humayun, to a fate which has been described.

Fallen Delhi became the city of sorrow and desolation. It was torn and plundered, abandoned to the jackals and crows. The minarets of the mosques were stripped of their gilding. The warehouses were pillaged. Houses were abandoned and Natives swarmed their furniture thrown about the streets. about robbing houses. English soldiers became peddlers, and English officers carried away jewels and shawls and the marble ornaments of the palace. Private soldiers kept their carriages out of the proceeds of the plunder, and shrewd native merchants came into the army and purchased for a song from tipsy and ignorant soldiers the richest trophies of the imperial city. The population fled to the tombs and jungle. Twenty-nine members of the royal house were taken and executed. The siege over, the city a British prize, the empire of the Moguls stamped out, the doting old king a prisoner and nearly all of his family slain, the bazaars, mosques, and palaces pillaged and all the wounded put to death, then British military justice as"Offenders," says one sumed a colder and more formal tone. writer who took part in the siege, "who were seized were handed over to a military commission to be tried. The work Death was almost the only punishwent on with celerity. "It ment, and condemnation almost the only issue of a trial.” was sufficient to prove that any man had helped the rebel cause with provisions or stores for him to be put to death. Between two and three hundred were hanged." Terrible as this sounds now, written long after the event, there was an outcry in India over the weakness of the conquerors. Although the Nawab of Thuggur had saved the lives of Europeans, it was

t he had shown sympathy with the King of Delhi nt him money. He was tried and executed, just as b would have been executed if he had been taken. e now told, only because women and children were British justice was so terrible in India. But British - no less terrible in dealing with men who had proen and children, but had taken up arms against the company of London merchants who governed the dividends.

quer the mutiny it was not deemed beneath the digcompany's rulers to appeal to the superstition and of rival races, to summon up the hatreds of generaturn one breed of savage men loose upon another. tribe in India called the Sikhs, a fanatical sect, who teachings of a fifteenth-century philosopher, and beimpler faith than Islam or Brahminism. The Sikhs universal toleration. They taught peace with all Such a teaching was in violation of the Moslem idea, oslem King, Bahaden Shah, who reigned in the time I., made war

and put their eath. Their med another rom devobecame faThey took a ecome sol

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a desire to avenge the death of their chief. This spirit was one of the most active agencies in the suppression of the mutiny, and British rulers did not hesitate to invoke it. In the Punjab the Sikhs were organized and sent to Delhi, and in the Punjab was seen an illustration of British rule which quite won the hearts of England at the time, and led to the highest honors being bestowed upon the company's agents who ruled there. The policy of Sir John Lawrence was to strike at once, and strike terribly; not to wait for overt acts, but to crush out every semblance of restlessness, or even curiosity, as leading to sedition. "When in doubt," he said, "win the trick. Clubs are trumps, not spades." Lawrence determined to use his power unsparingly. The story of the government of the Punjab during the crisis has been written by a gentleman high in authority at the time-Frederic Cooper, Deputy Commissioner at Umritsir-and from his account I gather my facts. The civil government was not interrupted by mutiny. The roads were open and safe to Europeans all through the province. But it was necessary to send terror into the hearts of those who might contemplate repeating at Lahore the crimes of Lucknow. "Treason and sedition," says Mr. Cooper, "were dogged into the very privacy of the harem, and up to the sacred sanctuaries of mosques and shrines. Learned moulvies were seized in the midst of a crowd of fanatic worshipers. Men of distinction and note were wanted at dead of night. There were spies in the market place, in the festival, in the places of worship, in the jails, in the hospitals, in the regimental bazaars, among the casual knot of gossipers on the bridge, among the bathers at the tanks, among the village circle around the well, under the big tree, among the pettifogging hangers-on of the courts, among the stonebreakers of the highways, among the dusty travelers. at the serais." Of course a government like this, whose measures Mr. Cooper recites with so much enthusiasm, was not to be trifled with. Letters were found addressed to persons hinting at treason. The persons to whom they were addressed were hanged. Men were hanged on laconic indorsements. "All right.-J. L.” ordered them all to be hanged.-R. M."

"I have

of General Nicholson for mutineers was "à la lanwo men, subordinates, were accused of "having failed ty to the state," and were hanged. When it was o raise money the merchant class was called on for a reats of hanging and of breaking up their doors were to overcome their distrustful avarice. No one who t an excessively bad set of men these are will have thy for them."

e most famous achievements of Mr. Cooper he tells se of humor that shows how amusing even the supf mutiny may become. A subordinate officer of a ment was hanged. On his person were found about ed and fifty dollars. He asked what was to be done: money, "having, no doubt," says Mr. Cooper, in a od, "in his mind some testamentary disposition to revolving therein the question as to residuary legaHe was informed," says Mr. Cooper, in the same airy t. after deducting eighty-four rupees (forty-one dolprice of the gallows on which he was to swing, the ould be credited to the state." The Twenty-sixthantry had been disarmed in May and kept under On July 30th some madman in the regiment killed the he author of this murder was a favorite named Prady, who rushed out of his hut, called upon his comse, and seeing the major killed him. The sergeantalso slain. The Twenty-sixth had served with dismany campaigns, notably in the Afghan campaign It was thought the fugitives would run south to Delhi e king. But they took a northern direction, away war, anxious to reach Cashmere, to be out of India. no guns. There was a drenching rain and the counmost flooded. The troops came up with them, shoothundred and fifty and driving them into the river, nevitably, "too weakened and famished as they must after their forty miles' flight to battle with the flood." body escaped, swimming and floating to an island, hey might be descried crouching like a brood of wild