quite unprovided for. During this year an addition of two horses per waggon, or twenty per Troop, was allowed to the Horse Artillery. As however the waggon then in use contained little more than half the quantity of ammunition now employed, this increase rendered the Troops more effective than the same establishment does at present. Nearly at the same time, an experimental light 12-pounder Battery, drawn by horses, was organized and placed under the command of Captain Battine. This was the first step towards the important measure, not yet completed, of equiping the whole Field Artillery with horses. The usual dread of ex pense operated on this as on subsequent occasions, to impair the efficiency of the measure, by the scanty draught establishment allowed; which was limited to ninety-nine horses, allowing six in draught to each gun and waggon, and three for the Staff. The Ordnance however were very light, weighing only eight cwt. each, and as four horses were probably found to answer for the waggons, there then remained two spare for each gun and waggon. The seven Troops of Horse and Rocket Artillery, nine European and eight Golundaz Companies were attached to the several Divisions of the Grand Army formed under the command of the Marquis of Hastings in 1817, including one Troop and one Company attached to the Nagpore Force under Colonel Adams. Of these, two Troops of Horse Artillery and the Rocket Troop, six Companies of European and four of Native Artillery were previously employed at the siege of Hattrass, where for the first time, the Ordnance establishment was placed on anything like a liberal footing. Th eadvantages of this change were clearly shown by the speedy and complete success of the operations and the comparative freedom from loss.

One Company of Independent Golundaz was at Penang and another at Ceylon, giving a total of three-fifths of the whole arm on service. On the 20th April 1817, Major General Sir John Horsford died at Cawnpore, ten days after his return from Hattrass. This able Officer had served in the Regiment thirty-nine years, having originally entered it as a Private, under the assumed name of Rover. His highly honourable character, his talent, industry, and energy, added to his great experience and intimate knowledge of all professional details, rendered him an ornament to the Corps and an invaluable servant to the Government.

In July 1818, two additional Companies of Independent Golundaz were raised, but one of these, and two of the Regular Companies were subsequently reduced, and the remaining Companies were formed into one Battalion, in carrying out the operation of a new organization ordered in September of that year. By this arrangement the whole Corps was formed into one

Brigade of Horse Artillery of seven Troops, including the Rocket Troop; three Battalions of European Foot Artillery of eight Companies each, and one Battalion of Native Artillery of fifteen Companies.

To the Brigade of Horse Artillery the staff allowed was one Colonel, two Lieutenant Colonels, and two Majors, with a non-effective Adjutant. One Captain and four First Lieutenants were sanctioned per Troop, the strength in men remaining unaltered, but the Non-Commissioned Staff of the Brigade were rendered effective.

To each European Battalion, one Colonel, two Lieutenant Colonels and two Majors, with a non-effective Adjutant, were attached, and one Captain, two First and two Second Lieutenants to each Company, being a reduction of one Officer, the details of men remaining as before.

The proportion of Officers to the Native Battalion was remarkable, consisting of one Major, thirteen Captains, four First and four Second Lieutenants, with a non-effective Adjutant and an effective European and Native Non-Commissioned Staff.

Each Company of Artillery, European and Native, had a Company of Lascars attached, consisting of one Native Commissioned Officer, two Havildars, two Naiks and seventy Privates. The Native Officer of one Company in each Battalion being a Subadar, in the others Jemadars.

The rank of Captain Lieutenant was abolished, and the designations of Lieutenant and Lieutenant Fireworker changed to First and Second Lieutenant. In the same way the designations of Gunner and Matross were changed to Bombardier and Gunner, and in the Lascar details, the Marine designations of Serang Major, Serang, First and Second Tindals were exchanged for the Military titles of Subadar, Jemadar, Havildar and Naik.

This arrangement which involved a total increase of thirty-six Officers, was of great benefit to the Corps, but still the remedy was partial and unfair in its operation. Of the thirty-six Officers added, fifteen were required for the three new European Companies, so that the actual increase was only twenty-one. Of these fourteen were added to the Horse Artillery which benefited more than any other branch of the Corps, though it only secured its fair and requisite complement. Thus it will be seen that only seven Officers were in reality added for the fifteen Companies of Golundaz, the remainder so attached being obtained by the reduction of one Officer per Company from the European Foot Artillery.

The history of the peculiar and inconsistent number assigned to the Golundaz Battalion is curious. This organization was ordered by the Court of Directors, who not only laid down the

principles but also calculated and fixed the details. In doing this, they for the first time, acknowledged the propriety of making an allowance in the establishment for the Ordnance Department, and accordingly assigned ten Captains for that purpose. But unfortunately they entirely overlooked the Rocket Troop, and calculated the Golundaz Corps according to the number of Companies on the establishment by the last advices received, when there were sixteen, to each of which they assigned an Officer, dividing the number between the three Grades of Captain and Subalterns. They also allowed one Field Officer to Command. Their plan will be more clearly shewn in the following tabular

statement:

In carrying out this arrangement, the Local Government, to rectify the omission of the Rocket Troop, took one Captain from the Ordnance List and four First Lieutenants from the Golundaz Battalion, and considering it necessary to post the remaining nine Ordnance Captains to some part of the Regiment, they attached them all to the Golundaz, thus leaving the incongruous proportion of thirteen Captains and eight Subalterns. This organization increased the proportion of Field Officers to Captains and Subalterns to 1 to 8, or very nearly the standard of the Regulation of 1796, but the proportion of Officers to men per Company, was now reduced to one to thirty, or exactly onehalf of the original scale.

Previous to the publication of this order the Ordnance Commissariat had been remodelled and Officers were now assigned to it. The regulations were those still in force, by which the Department was divided into six Grades above the rank of Con ductor, of which the two junior Grades were filled exclusively by Warrant Officers.

Another important and very beneficial arrangement was effected by the same orders. Since the first establishment of Colonel Pearse's Golundaz Corps in 1778, the previous system of

Battalion Guns, which rendered them a component part of the Infantry Battalion, had been abandoned, in lieu of which, each Corps when detached was supplied with a Brigade of two 6-pounders, which were manned by Artillerymen, either European or Native, according to circumstances, aided by Lascars.

During the late Campaign, although the proportion of two Field pieces per Battalion was retained, when several Corps were Brigaded together, their Guns instead of being invariably divided amongst the Battalions, two to each, were occasionally collected in one Battery; whilst the extra Field pieces of various calibres, forming what was called the Field Train, was always so employed. The advantages of this measure and the example of the Armies of Europe, led at length to the adoption of a permanent system of Field Batteries, and accordingly it was now ordered that all the Battalion Guns should be formed into Field Batteries of mixed calibres of eight pieces each. The number of Batteries was fixed so as to give the old proportion of two guns per Battalion, which were to be still available from the Batteries when a Battalion was detached. The result of this measure was the establishment of seventeen Field Batteries, including the experimental 12-pounder Battery, each of the remaining sixteen being equipped with Bullocks, and composed of two 12-pounders, four 6-pounders and two 5-inch Howitzers. A Company of Artillery, European or Native, was attached to each Battery. By several orders of 1818-19, three of the 17 Batteries fixed for the establishment were ordered to be horsed; the 12-pounder Experimental Battery was included in these, its ordnance being changed. These Batteries were allowed a complement of ninetysix Horses each, being six to each carriage, viz. eight guns and eight waggons. As four horses were considered sufficient for the Light Waggons, this establishment included all contingencies for spare cattle. None were allowed for the Non-Commissioned Staff, which was a serious defect. These at first were raised as an experiment, but being found to answer even with their limited establishments far better than Bullocks, they were rendered permanent in October 1819. Two were stationed in the Field and one at the Presidency. In July 1820 owing to the establishment of fourteen Bullock Batteries being found inadequate to the supply of Guns for all the detached Corps and posts, especially after Nimuch and Mhow, were occupied by Bengal Troops, an additional Battery was allowed, making a total of eighteen Field Batteries of eight Guns each, and six Troops of six guns each, or 180 pieces of Field Ordnance, besides the Rocket Troop. At that time the Bengal Army consisted of eight Cavalry Regiments, onc European and sixty Native Battalions,

which excluding Her Majesty's Regiments gave about 2 Guns per Battalion. By the returns submitted to Parliament in 1830, we find that the establishment of Regular Troops, Cavalry and Infantry in Bengal, during 1820, including His Majesty's Regiments, gives a total, Officers and all, of 84,393, so that the proportion was about one gur to 470 men.

From 1818 to 1824 the strength of the Regiment itself remained unchanged, but in July 1822 the Lascars attached to European Companies were reduced, in consequence of the introduction of Field Batteries and the abolition of drag rope movements with Field Guns. The details were now fixed at one Havildar, two Naiks and twenty-four Privates per Company, being the same complement allowed to Troops of Horse Artillery. From the Golundaz Companies they were withdrawn altogether, and have never since been restored. The Lascars thus reduced, were formed into sixteen Companies of Store. Lascars to serve in Magazines and Depôts and "to provide for the efficient services of the siege equipment of the Army." Each Company consisted of one Šubadar, one Jemadar, four Havildars, four Naiks and eighty Privates.

During the period above referred to, various details of the Corps were employed on service, with Sir John Arnold's force in the Bhutti Country and at Kotah.

In February 1824, the Golundaz Battalion was increased by five additional Companies, two of which were raised at Cawnpore and three at Dum-Dum.

In May of that year a new organization was ordered, under instructions from the Court of Directors, for the Armies of the three Presidencies. The two Battalions of each Native Infantry Regiment were formed into separate Regiments, and a Colonel allowed to each. The establishment of Regiments or Battalions of all arms was now fixed at one Colonel, one Lieutenant Colonel, one Major, five Captains, ten Lieutenants and five second Lieutenants or Ensigns.

In the Artillery four Companies of Europeans were reduced, and five European Troops of Horse Artillery were raised, making a total of twelve Troops, including the Rocket Troop. These were formed into three Brigades each, consisting of three European and one Native Troop, with their full complement of Officers. The remaining twenty Companies of Europeans were formed into five Battalions of four Companies each. The Golundaz continued to form one Battalion of twenty Companies, with only the regular establishment of Officers for a single Battalion or exactly one-half what was allowed to a similar body of Infantry.