city. He treated his relations with extreme severity, sending back, with a scanty supply of cloaths and money, such as had come to Rome with high expectations of advancement. He annulled many ordinances, which the cardinals, during the vacancy of the see, had made for their own advantage, and reclaimed for the public many benefices which they had courteousły bestowed on each other. Several offices, which pope Leo had created and granted with large emoluments to his favourites, Adrian abolished, in order to contract the public expenditure. It was a maxiin with this pope, that men were made for places and not places for men. He even scrupled to retain such territories as some of his predecessors had acquired by violence or fraud: the duchy of Urbino, which Leo had unjustly seised, he restored to its lawful proprietor, Francesco Maria de Rovere; and he surrendered to the duke of Ferrara several places, of which he had been injuriously deprived. In the political affairs of Europe, Adrian endeavoured to act the part of a mediator. Probably with a good intention, though certainly without right, he issued a bull, requiring all Christian princes to consent to a truce for three years, to which so much regard was paid, that the Imperial, French, and English ambassadors at Rome were empowered to deliberate on terms of pacification. In ecclesiastical affairs, though his zeal for the catholic faith urged him to send his nuncio to the diet at Nuremberg, to demand a vigorous execution of the imperial edict against Luther and his followers; he, at the same time, declared a disposition to exercise his spiritual authority for the internal reformation of the church. These unequivocal proofs of a desire to regulate his conduct by the principles of justice, and to promote the cause of virtue, ought to have obtained for this amiable pontiff public tokens of respect. Instead of this, a perverse construction was put upon his most meritorious actions. His economy was called parsimony; his plans of reform were imputed to unnecessary austerity, and his disinterested conduct to weakness and inexperience. One principal cause of his unpopularity was, that, being a stranger in Italy, and finding little encouragement, on his first arrival, to place confidence in his brethren of the conclave, he sought for counsellors among his countrymen and former friends, and advanced some of these, perhaps with a partial preference, to posts of trust and distinction. It must also be admitted, that this pontiff acted too much under the influence of the emperor Charles, and that he sometimes suffered his attachment to his master to mislead his judgment. One instance of this

has already been adduced in his treatment of the generous Castilians; and another presents itself in the last public act of his life, in which he abandoned his professed neutrality; relinquished his plan of a general pacification among the powers of Europe; and formed an alliance with the emperor and the king of England against France. Adrian, on the day on which he signed this confederacy, was seised with a slow fever, and, after an illness of a few weeks, retired from the cares and vexations of his high station to the repose of the grave: he died in December 1523, having possessed the papal dignity one year and ten months, and was buried in the church of St. Peter. On his tomb was inscribed an epitaph, which informs posterity, that the greatest misfortune which he experienced in life, was, that he had been called to govern.

Adrianus Papa VI. hic situs est, qui nihil sibi infelicius

in vita,

quam quod imperaret, duxit.

Adrian VI. though an honest man, and adorned with many private virtues, wanted that strength and energy of mind, which his difficult station required. Timid, irresolute, and inconsistent, his real virtues were mistaken for defects; and where, with greater firmness, he might have commanded applause, he undeservedly incurred contempt. Perhaps, with so few faults, no man ever incurred so much popular dislike, or was loaded with so many calumnies. It is said, that the night after his decease, some young men adorned the door of his physician with garlands, and this inscription, "To the Deliverer of his Country." This circumstance, however, was an honour to his memory; for it appears to have proceeded from the joy of the dissolute, on being released from the apprehension of the bulls which this rigid disciplinarian was about to issue against various irregularities and enormities. It must be acknowledged that this pontiff had more piety than taste for the fine arts. When he was shown the statue of Laocoon, he turned away his head, to show his aversion to pagan images'; and he held the race of poets so cheap, that he gave them the contemptuous appellation of Terentians. He was, nevertheless, well read in theology and scholastic philosophy. While he was professor of divinity at Louvain, he wrote "A Commentary upon the Book of Sentences by Peter Lombard;"" Epistles ;" and " Quæstiones Quodlibeticæ ;" printed at Louvain in 1515, and at Paris in 1516, and 1531. Jovii Vit. Adrian. Dupin. Rycaut's Continuation of

Platina. Moreri. Bower. Robertson's, Ch. V. book 1, 2.-E.

ÆDESIUS, a Platonic philosopher, at the beginning of the fourth century, was a preceptor in philosophy at Cappadocia, his native place. He was of the school of Plotinus, in which was taught a species of false philosophy, compounded of mysticism and imposture. His immediate predecessors were Porphyry and Jamblichus. He either fancied or pretended tha the had supernatural intercourse with divinities. It is related, that, in one of these communications by dream, some god delivered to him an oracle in hexameter verse, which in the morning he found written upon the palm of his hand. The story is told, and the lines are preserved, by his biographer Eunapius, one of the same school, and as great a fanatic as himself. Eunapii Vit. Brucker.-E.

ÆGIDIUS DE COLUMNA, a Roman monk of the Augustine order, was distinguished in the 13th century among the scholastics, and obtained the appellation of the most Profound Doctor. He was preceptor to the sons of Philip III. of France, and taught philosophy and theology with high reputation at Paris. He was preferred by Boniface VIII. to the episcopal see of Berri, and, according to some writers, was by the same pope created a cardinal. He died in the year 1316, in the 69th year of his age. His body was conveyed to the church of the Augustine fraternity in Paris, and it was inscribed upon his tomb, that he was a most perspicuous commentator upon the prince of philosophers, Aristotle, and that he was lux in lucem reducens dubia, "the luminary which brought doubtful things to light." In a general council at Florence, his doctrine, "which enlightened the whole world," was ordained to be received, and inviolably observed, by all students and readers belonging to the Augustine order. His writings, which are numerous, afford little confirmation of this character: they treat abstruse questions with profound obscurity. His "Lucubrations on the Sentences of Lombard" were printed at Basil in 1623: his work" On Original Sin," in 4to. at Oxford in 1479; and his "Quæstiones Metaphysicæ et Quodlibeticæ," at Venice, 1501. Dupin. Lav.

Hist. Lit.-E.

EGINETA. See PAULUS.

ELIAN, CLAUDIUS, an historian and rhetorician, was born at Præneste about the year 80, and lived upwards of sixty years. He was a Roman citizen, and never left Italy; yet he became so perfect a master of the Greek language, that he wrote it with Attic purity. Under the emperor Antoninus he taught rhetoric in Rome, and

VOL. I.

is therefore classed among the sophists: an appellation first given by the Greeks to true philosophers, afterwards to those who taught and exercised the subtle arts of disputation, and, in the time of Elian, to those who practised public declamation, and kept schools of rhetoric. Ælian's favourite study appears to have been that of history: but his only piece properly historical, which is extant, is a small miscellany of facts and anecdotes, in 14 books, under the title of "Various History." This work is probably left imperfect, for Stobæus and Suidas quote passages from it which are not in our present copies. It was first published, with some other pieces of different authors, by Perusius, in 4to. at Rome, in 1545. The editions of this work, most valued, are those of Schefer, printed in 8vo. at Strasburgh, in 1662; of Perizonius, in 8vo. printed at Leyden in 1701; and of Gronovius, in 4to. at the same place in 1731. Perizonius has shown that Ælian, in these anecdotes, frequently follows Athenæus. Of this writer also remains a small work in natural history, entitled, “An History of Animals." This treatise contains many curious and amusing particulars concerning animals, which the author professes to have in part gathered up from his own observation, but which were chiefly collected from Aristotle and other writers: they are presented to the reader without any regard to methodical arrangement, and many of them are evidently fabulous. The chief value of this and indeed of the former work consists in the purity and sweetness of the style, on account of which the author obtained the appellation of Menywoσos, the honey-tongued. A treatise "On the Tactics of the Greeks" has been also ascribed to Ælian, and is published with his other works in Gesner's edition, printed in folio at Zurich in 1556; but it is probable, from an account which the author of that work gives, of a conversation which he had upon the subject of tactics with the emperor Nerva and with Frontinus, that it was written by another Ælian under that emperor: it does not appear that Claudius Ælian ever attended to military affairs, or frequented the imperial court. According to Suidas, he was high priest to some divinity, whose name is not known; and he showed his respect for morality by writing a book against Heliogabalus, without, however, venturing to mention his name, under the title of Karyyopia Te Tuvavspos, "The AccusaΚατηγορία το Γυνανδρος, tion of the Effeminate Man." Good selections may be made from the writings of Elian for the use of schools; of which an example has been given in Dr. Huntingford's "Interpretatio Ioming 'Iropias in Usum Schola Wintoniensis."

K

!

Perhaps it was this Elian whom Martial compliments under the appellation of Facundus, in lib. xii. epig. 24. Voss. de Græc. Hist. lib. ii. c. 11. Fabricii Bibl. Græc. lib. iv. c. 21.-E.

EMILIANI, JEROM, a noble Venetian, of the 16th century, was the founder of the regular clerks of St. Maieul, called also, from the place where their community was first established and where their founder resided, the Fathers of Somasque. This was one of the various communities which, under the name of Regular Clerks, were, after the reformation, formed within the Roman church. Mosheim, cent. xvi.-E.

EMILIANUS, C. JULIUS, was by birth a Moor, and of obscure descent. He served from his youth in the Roman armies, and by his valour raised himself to the first offices of the state. In the reign of the emperor Gallus he was goyernor of Pannonia and Moesia, and with great vigour opposed the barbarous nations dwelling on the banks of the Danube, who broke into his province. After a successful battle, in which he animated his soldiers by distributing among them the money collected for tribute to the barbarians, he was proclaimed emperor on the field, B. C. 253. He immediately marched against Gallus, who was indulging in the pleasures of Italy. The emperor assembled an army, and met his rival at Interamni; where the imperial troops, despising their leader, put him to death with his son Volusianus, and concurred with the opposite army in acknowledging Emilianus. The senate confirmed the choice; and the new emperor wrote a letter to this body, in which he promised to expel all the invaders of the empire, and to prove himself a worthy lieutenant of the republic; and medals are extant, anticipating this success, and representing him under the characters of Mars and Hercules. Meantime Valerian was advancing against him with the legions of Gaul and Germany. On his arrival at Spoletum, in presence of the troops of Æmilianus, exactly the same event took place as when the latter met Gallus; and Æmilianus was killed by his own soldiers, who joined in placing the crown on the head of Valerian. This happened in his 46th year, after he had reigned less than four months. Univers. Hist. Gibbon.-A.

ÆMILIUS, PAULUS, surnamed Macedonicus, an illustrious Roman general, was the son of Paulus Æmilius, the consul, who fell at Cannæ, and was born about the year of Rome 526, B. C. 228. Being of a patrician family, with a portion of the high spirit which accompanied that class, he did not stoop to court popular favour, but was content to owe his elevation to his virtues. So high was his reputation in early

youth, that he carried his election for the edileship against twelve competitors, who are all said afterwards to have become consuls. When created augur, he devoted himself with unusual care to the study of that ceremonial and political office, and was extremely punctual in the performance of every rite enjoined by the religion of his country. Nor was he less exact in promoting the rigorous observance of the military discipline by which Rome had become victorious. His first command in the army was in Spain, whither he was sent as prætor in the war with Antiochus, to quell a general revolt of the subject nations. In this he perfectly succeeded, and left the province entirely pacified and restored to the dominion of Rome. He returned not a drachma richer than he went out, and lived, as before, upon his own moderate estate, which all his public successes never augmented. He had married Papiria, the daughter of Papirius Maso; and in the course of an union of some years she had borne him several children. But upon some unknown disgust he divorced her, and took another wife. His two sons by Papiria were adopted into two of the noblest families of Rome, that of Fabius Maximus, and Scipio Africanus.

He was first created consul, B. C. 182. The next year he was sent against the Ligurians, called Ingauni. With a small comparative ar my he defeated their numerous forces; and, after obliging them to deliver up their towns and ships, dismantled the former, and carried off all the latter, except some of the smaller vessels. On his return he lived chiefly in privacy, attending to his duties as augur, and presiding over the education of his children; for whose instruction he engaged masters of all kinds, qualified to teach not only the branches most esteemed in Rome, but the politer arts of Greece, sculpture and painting. When at leisure, he himself was present at their studies and exercises; and exhibited him. self in the amiable light of a most indulgent and affectionate parent. He stood candidate once again for the consulship, but meeting with a repulse, he solicited it no more. It was not till about his 60th year that the voice of his country called upon him to resume his public services. The Romans were engaged in a war with Perses king of Macedon; and, though they could not regard him as a very formidable foe, yet the arts by which he protracted the decision, and the little success the leaders of the republic had obtained against him, irritated the minds of the people, and made them resolve to lay aside all party considerations, and bestow the command on one worthy of their confidence. By daily solicitations, they almost compelled Paulus Æmilius

to appear in the Campus Martius as a candidate for the consulship. He was elected with universal concurrence, and the province of Macedon was decreed him, as Plutarch says, without the usual reference to lot. This was B. C. 168. He immediately proceeded to the camp in Macedonia, where his first care was to restore strict discipline, and show the soldiers his resolution of being implicitly obeyed. By skilful manoeuvres he forced Perses to abandon a strong fortified position which he occupied, and retreat to Pydna. Æmilius followed him, and Perses found himself necessitated to put every thing to the hazard of a general engagement. The conflict was for some time dubious, and the Macedonian phalanx presented a formidable front to the legionaries. At length it was broken, and a total rout ensued, with great carnage. The loss of the Romans was very moderate. Emilius was for some time rendered unhappy in the hour of victory by fears for the safety of his favourite son Scipio, then a youth of seventeen, whose ardour had carried him to a distance in the pursuit. He was sought by his friends with the greatest anxiety, and a profound melancholy reigned through the whole army, till, when almost given up, he returned all bloody, with two or three companions, and filled his father with joy. This was afterwards the conqueror of Carthage. Perses fled from place to place, till the isle of Samothrace afforded him an asylum. All Macedonia submitted to the conqueror, who preserved the cities from pillage, and secured the royal treasures for the Roman state. Perses, after an unsuccessful attempt to escape to Crete, surrendered himself to the Roman admiral, and was sent to the camp. The consul received him with humanity, though not without the indignant emotions that the baseness of his character was fitted to excite; and moralised on his fate to those around him like a wise man and a philosopher. He committed him to custody; and then took a progress through Greece, making such changes in the governments as he thought advisable. He returned to meet the ten consular legates sent from Rome to settle the affairs of Macedon; and joined with them in the new division of the country, and the total alteration of its government. He proceeded to Amphipolis, where, after regulating the remaining affairs of Greece, and capitally condemning Andronicus the Ætolian, and Neo the Boeotian, for their unshaken attachment to Perses (an act of more rigour than justice), he celebrated games with the utmost magnificence. One scene in the exhibition was the conflagration of all the arms of the Macedonians in one

pile, to which the consul himself, after a solemn invocation of the gods, set fire with a torch. It was thus that the Romans mingled appeals to religion with the most unjustifiable proceedings of their ambition; nor can it be doubted that such men as Emilius were themselves deceived by the combination. Hence he went into Epirus to execute a most severe decree of the senate, which he is said to have read with tears, though he could not refuse to obey it. It granted to the Roman army the pillage of all that part of this country which had adhered to Perses. Æmilius distributed his troops in small bodies through the towns, under pretext of giving them liberty; when, having ordered the ten chiefs of the state to bring into his camp all the gold and silver they could find, for the public treasury, he gave permission on a certain day and hour for the soldiers to make booty of all the rest of the property of the poor inhabitants, of whom one hundred and fifty thousand were made slaves, and sold for the benefit of the republic.

Æmilius then proceeded to Italy, carrying with him the captive kings, Perses, and Gentius, king of Illyria, his ally. He sailed up the Tiber in the royal galley magnificently adorned; and, on arriving at Kome, demanded his triumph. By the machinations of Servius Galba, a tribune who had served under him, the soldiery were worked up to such a resentment against their general for his strictness of discipline, and the sums he had diverted from them to the treasury, that the first tribe gave their vote against his triumph. All the better part of Rome, however, both senate and people, exclaiming against this scandal, and using their utmost efforts to efface it, the triumph was at last unanimously decreed. It was one of the most splendid spectacles Rome had beheld, and lasted three days. The gold and silver carried in the show amounted to so vast a sum, that it freed the people from all taxes for one hundred and twenty-five years. Perses and his family, led as captives, added, in a Roman eye, to the grandeur of the scene, though even Roman hearts were affected with sorrow at the example they afforded of human change and wretchedness. But the consul himself was an instance equally striking. Of his two sons by his second wife, whom he designed to represent his own family, one, at the age of fourteen, died five days before the triumph; the other, aged twelve, three days after it. In a speech he made to the Roman people on the occasion, Æmilius, adopting the notion of the ancients, that in the midst of prosperity ill fortune is ever on the watch for a victim, nobly expressed his hope that

this stroke of adversity which had fallen on himself, would prove a security to the happiness of his country. "Now (said he) the man who triumphed, and he who was led in chains, are on a par; but the children of Perses are living; those of Æmilius are no more!"

Four years afterwards, Æmilius bore the weighty office of censor, conferred upon him by the people without solicitation. He acted in it with lenity, and in harmony with his colleague, Marcius Philippus. At the expiration of it he fell into a lingering illness, for which he went to the sea-side, and passed some time in perfect retirement. At length, his presence being required at a solemn sacrifice, he returned to Rome, apparently much recovered, amid the congratulations of the whole Roman people. But on the completion of the rites, he fell into a delirium, and died within three days, B. C. 164, in the sixty-fourth year of his age. At his funeral, which was conducted with extraordinary, solemnity, an honourable testimony was paid to his humanity and integrity by such of the natives of the countries he had conquered as were at that time in Rome, who emulously assisted in carrying his bier, and joining in the procession with tears and praises. He left behind him a very moderate sum, the savings of his private fortune; and perhaps no man ever enriched his country more and himself less. His character was that of a genuine Roman, formed in the best mould; adorned with letters, and humanised by philosophy. As a military man, he may be estimated by the maxim he delivered to his son Scipio: "A good general never gives battle but when led to it by absolute necessity, or by a very favourable opportunity." Plutarch. Univ. Hift. —A.

ENEAS, one of the semi-fabulous personages of Trojan story, is represented as the son of Anchises, a Dardan prince, related to Priam, and of the goddess Venus. He was one of the auxiliaries of Troy during its long siege. In, the Iliad, Æneas makes a respectable, but a secondary figure the circumstance of his being the hero of Virgil's epic muse, and the supposed founder of the Roman state, has given him his great celebrity. There is an almost universal agreement among writers, that, after the capture of Troy, Æneas made a convention with the Greeks, and was suffered to depart, with his friends and followers. His famed piety, in carrying through the flames his aged father, with his penates on his shoulders, together with the loss of his wife Creusa amid the confusion and terror of the night, are perhaps the additions of poetical fiction. Whither he went after this Whither he went after this

catastrophe, has been a subject of warm controversy. The best historical proof seems to be on the side of his settling in Phrygia; but the poetical and national tale of his proceeding in quest of Italy, and fixing on the banks of the Tiber, has obtained greater popularity. Pursuing this, in its most credible form, it is enough to say, that, after long wanderings, and the various hazardous adventures that attended an expedition by sea during those times, he sailed with the relics of his fleet up the Tiber, and partly by force of arms, partly by agreement, gained an establishment among the rude tribes then inhabiting the country. He was soon involved in wars, and had to contend with a formidable foe in the gallant Turnus, contracted to Lavinia the daughter of king Latinus; which union the arrival of Eneas was likely to prevent. Turnus was slain in battle. Lavinia became a prize to the foreign conqueror, who, by the death of his father-in-law, succeeded to the throne of Latium. After a short reign in peace, a new war with the Tyrrhenians, under their king Mezentius, broke out, which proved fatal to Eneas, who, during a combat, was forced into the river Numicus, and there drowned. He was succeeded by his son Ascanius or Iulus; and, became himself, one of the Dii Indigetes of the country. The story of the loves of Dido and Æneas, which forms so interesting a part of the Eneid, is allowed to be a mere poetical ornament, brought in by a violent anachronism. Virgil's Eneid. Heyne's Excurfus in En. Bayle.-A.

ENEAS GAZÆŬS, a Platonic philosopher, who lived towards the close of the fifth century, was by birth a pagan, and by profession a sophist, or teacher of rhetoric. In the early part of his life he was a disciple of Hierocles, but was afterwards converted to Christianity. He is chiefly known as the author of a dialogue entitled, "Theophrastus," in which are maintained the doctrines of the immortality of the soul, and the resurrection of the body. The author, though writing professedly against Plato, confounds the doctrines of Platonism and Christianity. An edition of this work was published in 4to. by Bower, at Leipsic, 1655. Fabric. Bibl. Græc. lib. ii. c. 10. § 29. Brucker, lib. vi. c. 3.-E.

ENEAS SYLVIUS. See PIUS II.

ENEAS, TACTICUS, was an ancient Greek writer on the military art. He probably flourished about 300 years before Christ: for it appears from the Tactics of Ælian, that Cineas, a Thessalian, sent embassador from Pyrrhus to Rome in the 125th Olympiad, wrote an epitome of his works. Casaubon annexed this