1550 to 1601, with an abridged Account of the Death of Henry IV." in three volumes folio, printed in 1616, 18, 20, and reprinted with additions and corrections in 1626. It is a very free, and in some respects partial account of the characters and transactions of the times, written with much dignity of sentiment, but in a style partly vulgar, partly affected and turgid. It represented the character of Henry III. in such an odious and contemptible light, that the parliament of Paris, on the appearance of the first volume, condemned it to the flames. The detail of military operations is the part of the work most esteemed for its accuracy. The "Confession of Sancy," and the "Baron de Foneste," are two satirical pieces, of which the first is valued for a vein of ingenious and delicate raillery; the second has equal acrimony, but of a grosser kind. He also published miscellaneous pieces, tragedies, poems, &c.; and he wrote "Memoirs of his own Life," which were long handed about in MS. but not published till 1731. They are full of curious and very free anecdotes, and afford a lively picture of the man. They have been translated into English. Moreri. et Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A.

AUBREY, JOHN, in Latin Albericus, an English antiquary of eminence, was born at Easton Piers in Wiltshire, in 1625 or 1626, and studied at Trinity college, Oxford, of which he was a gentleman commoner. He early addicted himself to historical and antiquarian researches, and, while at the university, assisted in compiling materials for the "Monasticon Anglicum." He entered at the Middle Temple in 1646; but his legal studies were interrupted by much disagreeable business in which he was involved after the death of his father, who left him several estates, and a multiplicity of lawsuits. He continued, however, the correspondences he had formed with the lovers of antiquity; and furnished Antony Wood with many valuable documents for his great works relative to the university of Oxford. He also preserved a connection with those philosophers who afterwards founded the Royal Society, of which he became a member in 1662. In his private and domestic concerns he was unfortunate. He married unsuitably; and by various calamities was brought to the necessity of selling all his estates, so that at length he was reduced to absolute indigence. Yet he had philosophy enough to adapt his mind to his circumstances; and he says of himself, "From 1670 I have, thank God, enjoyed a happy delitescency." He was supported by the kindness of Lady Long of Draycot in Wiltshire,

in whose house he had an apartment till his death, which happened about 1700, as he was upon a journey to Oxford. Aubrey was a good classical scholar, a naturalist, and a most industrious antiquarian; but trifling, credulous, and much inclined to superstition. He was the author of several works, most of them left behind him in MS. These are, 1. "The Life of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury," never published, but the materials of which were employed by Dr. Blackbourne in his account of the same eminent philosopher. Hobbes was educated at Malmesbury school under the same master that Aubrey was, though not at the same time. 2. "Miscellanies upon the following Subjects, viz. Day-Fatality, Local-Fatality, Ostenta, Omens, Dreams, Apparitions, &c. &c." This collection of anility was printed in 1696; and Aubrey left a copy with additions and corrections for a second edition, which appeared in 1721. 3." A Perambulation of the County of Surrey, begun 1673, ended 1692." This was printed in five volumes 8vo. in 1719, and is held in estimation among topographical works. 4. "The Natural History of the North Division of Wiltshire," an unfinished MS. in the Museum of Oxford. Bishop Gibson made some use' of it in his edition of Camden. 5. "Monumenta Britannica, or a Discourse concerning Stone Henge and Rollrich Stones in Oxfordshire." MS. Aubrey supports the opinion, that these remains are druidical, and anterior to the Roman invasion of Britain. It is proper to remark, that the learned Toland expresses a high opinion of Aubrey's knowledge and judgment on these subjects. 6. "Architectonica Sacra; a Dissertation concerning the Manner of our Church-building in England;" a short MS. in the Oxford Mu seum. He wrote likewise "The Idea of Universal Education," a piece not known now to exist; and several letters on Natural Philosophy and other curious topics, published in Ray's letters, and other collections. One of his MSS. at Oxford is an account of English writers, especially poets, with many of whom he was well acquainted. From this, Wood took his account of Milton, the first ever published of that great man, and the basis of all others. Biogr. Britan.-A.

AUBRIOT, HUGH, a native of Dijon in Burgundy, was so well recommended by the duke his sovereign to the court of France, that he became superintendant of the finances to Charles V. and mayor of Paris. He erected several buildings in Paris for use and ornament; and among the rest the Bastille, in 1369, which

was designed as a fortress against the English. His zeal for the correction of abuses was the cause of his ruin; for, having arrested some of the scholars of the university, who at that time committed the most insolent outrages, that body, jealous of its privileges, became his bitter enemies; and with the support of the duke of Berry, maintained a process against him for heresy, and procured his condemnation to perpetual imprisonment. The insurgents against the taxes in the beginning of the reign of Charles VI. 1381, called Maillotins, broke open the prisons, and placed Aubriot at their head; but he left them that very evening, and made his escape to Burgundy, where he died the next year. Moreri. Nouv. Dia. Hist. —A.

AUBUSSON, PETER D', grand master of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, or knights of Rhodes, was born of a noble parentage in la Marche, in the year 1423. Adopting the military profession, he served first under Albert, son-in-law to the emperor Sigismund, against the Turks in Hungary, where he greatly distinguished himself. He returned into France on occasion of the war which broke out with England, and attached himself to the dauphin, son of Charles VII. whom he accompanied to the siege of Montereau-Faut-Yonne. The dauphin afterwards being instigated by the malcontent lords to revolt against his father, was brought back to his duty by the persuasions of d'Aubusson; on which account the king testified his admiration of the rare union of so much fire with so much discretion. The recital of the barbarities committed by the Turks, and the great exploits of Huniades and Castriot, so warmed the imagination of this young soldier, that he repaired to Rhodes in order to be admitted to the knighthood of St. John; and by his success in some cruizes against the infidels soon obtained the commandery of Salins. In 1457 he was sent by the grand master on an embassy to the king of France, to implore his assistance against the Turks, in which commission he acquitted himself with great dexterity, and brought back considerable supplies in money and ammunition. A new office of bailly of the knights of Auvergne being created in 1471, he was the first person appointed to it; which was followed by those of superintendant of the fortifications of Rhodes, and grand-prior of Auvergne. His high reputation at length caused him, on a vacancy in 1476, to be elected grand master of the order. He immediately exerted himself in making preparations against the formidable attack long menaced by Ma

homet II. The Turkish fleet, with a very numerous army on board, appeared off the island in May 1480, and laid siege to Rhodes. During two months it was pressed with vigour, and sustained with equal intrepidity, the grandmaster particularly distinguishing himself, and receiving five wounds, one of which was for some time thought mortal. The Turks were at length compelled to re-embark, after the loss of 9000 men killed, and a great number wounded. Mahomet prepared to renew the siege next year, but was prevented by death; and a civil war ensued between his sons Bajazet and Zizim. The latter, in 1482, took refuge in Rhodes, whence he was sent by the grand master into France. The possession of this competitor to the throne gave him a great advantage in treating with Bajazet, who was induced to pay a yearly pension to the order and the grand master, under the name of compensation for the damages inflicted in the siege, but really for the safe custody of Zizim. D'Aubusson employed his influence over Bajazet to prevent his fleet from passing the straits of Gallipoli, for which service the pope entitled him the deliverer of Christendom. Bajazet also gratified him with the gift of the precious relic of St. John the Baptist's right arm taken in Constantinople, which, after a due recognition of its authenticity, was deposited in great pomp in the church of St. John at Rhodes. Several princes desired to obtain the person of Zizim, in order to put him at the head of a new crusade; but d'Aubusson preferred keeping him in his own power, till the pope, Innocent VIII. made a similar request to the grand master, with which he complied, and Zizim was conducted to Rome in 1489. In return, the pope presented him with a cardinal's hat, and renounced in his favour the right of nominating to benefices belonging to the order. D'Aubusson employed the interval of peace in rebuilding the churches of Rhodes, and augmenting the splendour of religion. He had nothing, however, so much at heart as forming a new league against the infidels; but finding himself thwarted in this design by pope Alexander VI. after he had been actually appointed chief of a crusade, he fell into a melancholy under which he sunk, in his 81st year, in 1503; leaving behind him the character of one of the most accomplished and illustrious heads of his order. Moreri.-A.

AUDIUS, a Christian teacher, the founder of a sect, flourished about the middle of the 4th century. (Epiphan. Hær. 70. N. 1.) He was a native of Syria or Mesapotamia, (Theod

Hist. Ecc. lib. iv. c. 10.) and was much esteemed among his countrymen for the sanctity of his character, and for his zeal for the Christian faith. Censuring with great freedom and importunity the corrupt and licentious manners of the clergy, and admonishing the rich presbyters and bishops, to the face, for their luxurious course of life, he brought upon himself much ill-will and severe treatment. The clergy, who were offended both by his reproofs, and his popularity, accused him to the emperor; whether Constantine or one of his successors is not certain; and he was banished into Scythia. (Epiph. ibid. n. 14, 15.) Here he went among the Goths, and made many converts. His followers, called Audians, were separated from the catholic church, and had peculiar tenets and customs. They celebrated Easter, or the paschal feast, with the Jews, contrary to the decree of the council of Nice; and they are said to have been anthropomorphites, or to have attributed to the deity a human form. (Augustin. Hær. 1.) They made use of apocryphal books in their assemblies. Lardner's Cred. Pt. ii. ch. 80. Mosheim.-E.

AUDIFRET, JOHN-BAPTIST, a French geographer, a native of Draguignan in Provence, or, according to some, of Marseilles, flourished at the end of the 17th, and the beginning of the 18th centuries. He was appointed by Louis XIV. in 1698, envoy extraordinary to the courts of Mantua, Parma, and Modena. He died at Nancy in 1733, 76 years of age. He was the author of a work, much esteemed, entitled " Geographie, Ancienne, Moderne, et Historique." It was printed in 3 volumes 4to. at Paris in 1689 and 1691, and in 12mo. at Paris in 1694. It comprehends only Europe, and is left unfinished, wanting Spain, Italy, and part of Turkey in Europe. The author has very judiciously united geography and history. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-E.

AUDIGUIER, VITAL DE, a French noble, who united the profession of arms with the study of letters, was born at Naiac, near Villefranche de Rouergue, about the year 1565. His adventures, and his writings, were numerous. Among the latter, the principal are, A Treatise on the true and ancient Usage of Duels, printed in 8vo. at Paris in 1617; in tended to shew the injustice of common duels, but to revive the ancient practice of public combats on great occasions, under royal authority: Poems in two volumes, 8vo. printed at Paris in 1614, and two romances under the titles of "The Loves of Lysander and Calista ;" and "The Loves of Aristander and Cleonice;" the former

printed at Lyons in 1622; the latter, at Paris 1625. Though he had not much learning, he he wrote in a sprightly and clear style, and his romances were much read. Audiguier is said to have been assassinated about the year 1630, but on what occasion is not known. Bayle. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-E.

AUDRAN, the name of a celebrated family of French artists, of which several individuals arrived at eminence in painting and engraving.

CHARLES Son of Louis, born at Paris in 1594, applied himself to the art of engraving, and went to Italy to perfect himself. He was a laborious and excellent artist, and engraved a number of pieces from the works of the first painters. His works are often confounded with those of his brother Claude, whom he taught, but whose style was inferior. As Charles distinguished his performances by the letter K. he is often called Karles Audran. He died at Paris in 1674.

CLAUDE, the second of the name, born at Lyons in 1639, came to Paris to study under his uncle Charles. He entered under Le Brun at the Gobelins, and was employed by him in several pieces on the stair-case at Versailles, especially in the four great pictures of Alexander's battles. He became professor of painting at the Royal Academy of Paris, and died there in 1684. His talent was history painting.

GIRARD, the most famous of the family, brother to the preceding, was born at Lyons in 1640, and also came to Paris, and entered under Le Brun. The art of engraving was, however, that for which he decided, and at the age of twenty-five he visited Italy for improvement: here he acquired so high a reputation, that Louis XIV. recalled him to Paris. He was employed to engrave Le Brun's four large pictures of Alexander's battles, and executed them in so noble a style, as to raise him to the first rank in his profession. Next to these, his most considerable work was the cupola of Val de Grace, from the designs of Mignard, in six plates. He also engraved many pieces from the pictures of the principal masters of Italy and France. He is distinguished for the correctness of his outline, and the strength and grandeur of his manner of working; and few artists have ever equalled him in historical performances. He died at Paris in 1703, aged sixty-three.

CLAUDE, third of the name, son of Germain, born at Lyons in 1658, became celebrated as a painter of grotesques and arabesques. His inventive genius in these performances was admirable, and he enriched with them Versailles, Meudon, and a number of other palaces

and noblemen's hotels. One of his principal works was the twelve months of the year, represented as goddesses with their attributes, inintended to be copied in tapestry for the queen. He was made king's painter, and warden of the palace of Luxemburgh, in which he died, in 1734, aged seventy-five.

JOHN, another son of Germain, was born at Lyons in 1667. He was placed under his uncle Girard to learn the art of engraving, which he practised for the extraordinary period of sixtyseven years. His industry was indefatigable, and his stroke was distinguished for its delicacy. He engraved the lesser battles of Alexander, and a vast number of pieces from the first painters, as well as some admired portraits. He died at Paris in his ninetieth year, universally esteemed as an artist and a man of worth, and left three sons; one, of his own profession, another, a director of the royal tapestry manufactory of the Gobelins.

Other artists of reputation of the name and family of Audran are mentioned in dictionaries. Moreri.-A.

AVENPACE, a philosopher, among the Spanish Saracens, who flourished about the middle of the 12th century, was a follower of Aristotle. He applied the peripatetic philosophy to the illustration of the mahometan theology, and the explanation of the Koran. He was on this account charged with heresy, and thrown into prison at Corduba. He wrote a commentary upon Euclid, and philosophical and theological epistles. Pococke Spec. Hist. Arab. Brucker.-E.

AVENTINE, JOHN, a German historian, the son of an inn-keeper at Abensperg in Bavaria, was born in the year 1466. He studied at Ingolstadt, and at Paris; gave private lectures in eloquence and poetry at Vienna, and taught the Greek language publicly at Cracow in Poland: he read lectures on some books of Cicero at Ingolstadt; and was, in 1512, appointed preceptor to prince Louis, and prince Ernest at Munich. He travelled with the latter of these two princes. His leisure was after wards devoted to a work, which has been much read, and has obtained him great reputation, "Annales Boiorum," "The Annals of the Bavarians." He began the work about the latter end of the reign of Maximilian, under the patronage of the dukes of Bavaria, and spared no pains to render it complete: it was not published, however, till 1554, several years after his death. It contained very severe strictures on the conduct of the Romish clergy, and portions of secret clerical history, which the first

editor, Zieglerus, professor of poetry in the university of Ingolstadt, chose to suppress, but confessed the mutilation in the preface. The curiosity of the protestants was excited; and a complete manuscript was found, and published, by Cisner, at Basil, in 1580.

Aventine, from some cause which remains unknown, was in the year 1529, taken out of his sister's house in Abensperg, and committed to prison. The duke of Bavaria, however, did not suffer him long to remain in confinement: for the next year, after having remained sixtyfour years in a state of celibacy, he formed an imprudent matrimonial connection, which disturbed the repose of his last days. He died in 1534. The catholics, in order to weaken the force of his invectives, said that he was secretly a protestant. It is true, that he corresponded with several of the reformers, particularly Melancthon; and it is probable, that he disapproved of some of the popish doctrines; but there is no proof that he ever renounced the Romish church; and, that he died in the catholic faith appears from his having been buried at Ratisbon, in the monastery of St. Hemeran, with the usual Romish ceremonies. Aventine seems, like Erasmus, to have been well disposed towards the reformation, but to have contented himself with such service as he might render the cause from within the pale of the church, by lashing the vices of the monks and clergy. Besides the Annals of Bavaria, which were reprinted, in folio, in 1710, he published, in 1532, at Ratisbon, a curious book, concerning the manner of counting and conversing by the fingers, entitled, "Numerandi per digitos manusque," &c. with heads of a plan for a large work on the antiquities of Germany. Voss. de Hist. Lat. lib. iii. c 10. Bayle. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-E.

AVENZOAR, properly, AL WAZIR ABU MERWAN ABDELMELECH IBN ZOHR, was a Spaniard of Seville, son of a physician of eminence, whose profession he adopted, but with the addition of pharmacy and surgery. He is praised by Averrhoes, who lived about the same time, as the greatest master of his art from the time of Galen. He seems to have travelled much, and to have gone through various scenes in life, among which was a long imprisonment by Hali, the governor of Seville. He had the care of an hospital, and must have enjoyed uncommon advantages from experience, if it be true that he lived in perfect health to the age of 135. From the extent of his practice he was called the Experimenter, and not, as some have supposed, from an empirical turn, since

he was a subtle inquirer into the causes of diseases. He died at Morocco in 1169. His principal work, called al Theiser, is a compendium of practice, containing many notices of diseases and medical facts not readily to be met with elsewhere. It was several times published after the revival of letters, when a great curiosity prevailed concerning the authors of the middle ages. He had a son of the same profession, who lived at Morocco, and wrote a book on the regimen of health. Probably he is confounded with the father in the great length of life attributed to the latter. Freind's Hist. of Phys, vol. ii. Halleri Bibl. Med. Pract.

tom. i.-A.

AVERANI, BENEDICT, a learned Florentine, born in the year 1652, taught the Greek language with great reputation in the university of Pisa. He wrote excellent "Dissertations" on the "Anthologia," on Thucydides, on Euripides, and other ancient Greek classics. His acquaintance with Roman literature was equally accurate and profound; as appears from his "Remarks and Discourses on Livy, Cicero and Virgil;" and his lectures and writings were well calculated to promote a correct and elegant taste in polite literature. In truth, no one was a greater enemy to the corrupt taste of his age, or declared more open war with it, than this learned man. His original pieces, His original pieces, whether prose or verse, were all adapted to recall his countrymen to a just manner of thinking and writing. Whatever were the critiWhatever were the criticisms, the railleries, or the persecutions of those who followed the reigning taste, Averani steadily pursued his path; exposed whatever was false or ridiculous in the fashionable style of writing; and with persevering assiduity, contributed much towards bringing back in Italy the golden period of the sixteenth century. His merit in this respect was so great, that the Italians ought for ever to cherish the remembrance of this excellent scholar. Averani died at Pisa in 1707, in the fifty-fifth year of his age. His works were collected and printed at Florence, in three large volumes, in 1716 and 1717. Landi. Hist. Lett. de Italie. lib. xiv. n. 4.-E.

AVERROES, or AVEN-ROSCH, an eminent philosopher, who flourished in the 12th century, was a native of Corduba, the capital of the Saracen dominions in Spain, where his grandfather and father had possessed the offices of chief priest and chief magistrate. In his youth he was well instructed under Thophail in law, and in the Aristotelian philosophy; as well as in the Mahometan theology. Under

Avenzoar he studied medicine, and the mathe matical sciences under Ibnu-Saig. He succeeded his father in his high offices, and occupied them with great reputation. The fame of his talents and learning induced the Caliph Jacob Al Mansor, to offer him the dignities of chief judge and priest of Morocco, and of all Mauritania, with the liberty of continuing the posts which he possessed in Spain. Averroes accepted the proposal, and went to Morocco, where he remained till he had appointed through the kingdom able judges, and settled an improved plan of administration: he then returned to Corduba and resumed his offices.

Neither the great talents, nor the high station of Averroes could protect him against the assaults of bigotry. Having given some occasion for suspicions, that he secretly held opinions inconsistent with the mahometan faith, some of the zealous doctors of Corduba engaged several young persons to apply to him for instruction in philosophy, that they might, in the course of his lectures, detect his heresy. Averroes complied with their request, and communicated to his pupils, with great frankness, his sentiments in theology. The scholars industriously took minutes of his discourses; and had the baseness from these hints, to furnish their preceptor's enemies with heads of accusation against him. An information, regularly drawn up by a notary, and signed by a hundred witnesses, was sent to Al-Mansor. Upon perusing it, the prince exclaimed, ing it, the prince exclaimed, "It is evident this man is not a believer in our law, "(Hunc nostra legis non esse patet.") and gave immediate orders, that his goods should be confiscated, and that he should be obliged to reside in those precincts of the city of Corduba which were inhabited by the Jews. inhabited by the Jews. Here he became an object of general obloquy and persecution. Even the boys in the streets pelted him with stones, when he ventured to go up to the mosque in the city to perform his devotions. His pupil, Maimonides, that he night escape the necessity of joining the general cry against him, left Corduba. Averroes himself, soon afterwards, found means to escape to Fez. He was, however, in a few days discovered, and committed by the magistrates to prison. The king, who was soon informed of his late flight and present confinement, summoned an assembly of doctors in theology and law, to deliberate on the treatment, which this heretic should now receive. Some thought that a man, who had dared to contradict the Mahometan faith, ought to suffer death: others were of opinion, that such severity, inflicted upon a divine and a