these the most celebrated are a group representing the union of the rivers Seine and Marne, at the cascade of St. Cloud; two groups of hunting and fishing, presented to the king of Prussia; Neptune calming the sea; the triumph of Neptune, at Versailles; the bas relief of the chapel of St. Adelaide; St. Jerom; Poetry; and Mars caressed by Love. In 1754 he published a collection of ancient Roman and Greek sculptures, designed by himself, and engraved by able artists, in folio. Most of these he had purchased from the heirs of cardinal Polignac. Excess of application, and a sedentary life, at length brought on an apoplexy, of which he died in 1759. His compositions are in a harsh and savage style, resembling rocks by their deep cavities and roughnesses. They however exhibit strong marks of a knowledge of the antique, and are specimens of patient labour and meditation. Vies des fam. Sculpt. par D'Argenville.-A.

ADAM, NICHOLAS-SEBASTIAN, second brother of the preceding, was born at Nancy in 1705. After being instructed in the elements of sculpture by his father, he was sent for improvement to Paris. His progress was such, that at the age of eighteen M. Bonnier took him to work, at his seat near Montpellier, where he was employed eighteen months in decorating the front of the mansion. Thence he went to Rome in 1726; and in less than two years obtained the first prize given by the academy of St. Luke. He employed himself with great ardour in the study and imitation of the antique in that capital, where he remained nine years, during part of which he had the society of his elder brother, and of a younger who was educated in the same branch. Nicholas also practised painting at his leisure hours, which gave a particular character to his sculptures. In 1734 he came to Paris, where his models of Clitie and the Sacrifice of Iphigenia acquired him the applause of the academy of painting. As a further trial, the difficult subject of Prometheus chained to the rock was given him to model, in which he had admirable success. Next year he was employed in a bas-relief of bronze for the chapel of Versailles, representing the martyrdom of saint Victoria, reckoned one of his best performances. He afterwards wrought for some time with his elder brother on the group of Neptune, at Versailles. Several considerable works were committed to him in the succeeding years; and in 1740 he obtained the apartment and work-room of the deceased Bousseau, in the Louvre-a favour only granted to excellent artists. He gave a model for the mausoleum of cardinal Fleury, in concurrence with Bouchardon and Lemoyne,

to which the connoisseurs gave the preference, though the court did not confirm their judgment. A singular incident respecting him took place in 1747. Frederic king of Prussia, who had long wished to draw him to Berlin, sent a person with very liberal offers to give him an invitation. The agent applying first to the elder Adam, he kept the affair concealed from Nicholas, and passed off in his stead his younger brother, who accepted the proposal. Nicholas, when afterwards acquainted with the circumstance, was not displeased with a deception which kept him in France. He was soon after employed by king Stanislaus to make a monument for his queen in a mausoleum near Nancy, which was one of his principal works. His last performance was the Prometheus, the model for which is before mentioned. This piece was greatly admired, and the king of Prussia offered a large sum for it, which Adam refused, saying he had made it for his own master.

This artist was estimable for the simplicity, integrity, and mildness of his character, which conciliated the friendship of his brother artists. He had the misfortune of losing his sight several years before his death, which happened in 1778, at the age of 74. D'Argenville, Vies des Sculpt.-A.

ADAM, FRANCIS-GASPARD, the younger brother above-mentioned, was born at Nancy in 1710, went through a similar course of studies with his brothers, with the elder of whom he chiefly worked; resided some years with reputation in Prussia, and died at Paris in 1759. D'Argenville, Vies des Sculpt.-A.

ADAM, ROBERT, architect, was born at Kirkaldy, in the Shire of Fife in Scotland, in the year 1728. He was educated at the university of Edinburgh, and afterwards pursued his studies with all the advantages which an access to the objects of taste and elegance at home and in foreign countries could bestow. On his return from a visit to Italy in the year 1762, he was appointed architect to the king, an office which he held till the year 1768, when he resigned it on account of his election as representative of the county of Kinross, in the British parliament. The peculiar beauty and lightness of the ornamental parts of buildings which were the offspring of his inventive powers were so generally admired, that not only the architecture, but all the manufactures of this country, which depend upon or are connected with decoration, experienced a considerable degree of improvement. A periodical work consisting of designs, which he published about the year 1775, contributed greatly to diffuse this taste and manner. The genius of Robert Adam was not

confined to architecture and ornamental composition, but appeared in numerous landscapes which display a felicity of invention and management of tint at once bold and luxuriant. It would be difficult to enumerate the many public and private edifices which have been constructed from his plans and designs. His activity was unremitted through life. In the year preceding his death he designed eight public and twenty-five private works, so various and excellent in style and designation, as would have afforded him a high degree of reputation, even if these alone had constituted the whole of his performances as an artist. He died on the third of March 1792, by the bursting of a blood-vessel, in the sixty-fourth year of his age, and was buried in the south aisle of Westminster Abbey.-N.

ADAMSON, PATRICK, a divine of Scotland, was born at Perth in the year 1536, and studied in the university of St. Andrew's, of which place he was afterwards elected archbishop. It was the misfortune of this prelate, that he was early advanced to a public character which he wanted energy of mind to support, and called to contend with opposition too violent for his feeble and timid spirit. After he left the university, he retired to a village in Fife, where he supplied the want of a patrimony by performing the humble but useful duties of a schoolmaster: and had it been his fortune to remain all his days in that station, though his name might not have been sent down to posterity, he would probably have passed an undisturbed and reputable life; for we are told, that, during the four years which he passed in this retirement, he had many pupils and was much respected, and it appears from his subsequent Latin publications, that he was a good scholar. It was his misfortune, as the sequel will fhow, to be put into the track of preferment, by being engaged by a neighbouring gentleman to accompany his son to France, as his tutor, while he prosecuted the study of the civil law. It was not long after this change of his situation, which happened in 1566, that his loyalty to Mary queen of Scots brought him into great peril. On the birth of James, while Mr. Adamson and his pupil were at Paris, he wrote, and published, a Latin poem, in the title of which he called the child, "The most serene and most noble prince of Scotland, England, France, and Ireland. (Oper. Pat. Adamson). This circumstance gave so much umbrage to the French court, that Adamson was put under arrest, and kept in confinement six months. After his release, which was obtained with difficulty, he retired with his pupil to the university of Bourges in Berri. During

the dreadful massacre of St. Bartholomew, Adamson escaped the general slaughter by lying concealed for seven months in an apartment of a public house, the master of which paid dearly for his humane hospitality, by being thrown from the roof of his house, at seventy years of age, for having harboured an heretic. (Pref. to Adamson's Version of Job) Mr. Adamson amused himself in his confinement by writing two Latin poems, "A Poetical Version of the Book of Job," and "A Tragedy on the Fate of Herod :" these were afterwards, in 1572, published.

Returning to Scotland, Adamson took clerical orders, and was appointed minister of Paisley. His zeal for episcopacy, shown in the commission to which he was nominated, for settling the jurisdiction and policy of the church, recommended him to the favour of the regent, the earl of Morton, who, soon afterwards, in 1576, presented him to the archbishopric of St. Andrew's. This presentation excited the jealousy of the presbyterians; and the general assembly required him to submit to examination before their body, and to receive the bishopric with such limitations as they should prescribe; in the mean time they prohibited his election by the chapter of St. Andrew's. The chapter disregarded the prohibition, and elected him: the general assembly summoned him before them, to examine the validity of his election; and it was not till he consented to their conditions, that he was confirmed in his see. Even after this, the violence of the presbyterian party on the one side, and the archbishop's pusillanimity on the other, subjected him to perpetual vexation. Many heavy charges were brought against him by his adversaries, which do not appear to have been substantiated. If, in their elegant phrase, "he kept himself in his castle like a fox in a hole," the most that can be made of this circumstance is, that he wanted courage to face his enemies. If, under a painful disease which his physicians could not cure, he took a simple me dicine from an old woman, it did not follow, either that the old woman was a witch, or that the archbishop thought her so: yet, in the violence of party-spirit, and in the weakness and cruel rigour of superstitious credulity, the prelate was accused of having recourse to the devil in a case in which the physicians had failed him, and the poor old woman was committed to prison, and, after having escaped for four years, was burnt for witchcraft. When king James, in 1583, visited St. Andrew's, Adamson, in a sermon which he preached before him, and in a public disputation, maintained the claims of the episco

pal church. His behaviour on this occasion was so pleasing to the king, that he appointed him his ambassador to queen Elizabeth; and the prelate executed his commission with such zealous fidelity, particularly in his sermonsfor he was an eloquent preacher that the queen, who appears to have been jealous of the rising popularity of James, forbade him to enter the pulpit.

The whole conduct of the archbishop, during his residence in England, confirmed the aversion of the leaders of the presbyterian church of Scotland against Adamson; and when, on his return to Edinburgh in 1584, he appeared in parliament, and brought forward several acts in favour of episcopacy, the odium of proceedings so offensive to the generality of the Scotch nation, fell upon him, as the principal agent in the business. The resolute struggle of the presbyterians against the attempt of the king to introduce episcopacy proved successful: the king's declaration was reversed; and, in a synod held at St. Andrew's, in 1586, archbishop Adamson was excommunicated; a violent measure, which he retaliated by excommunicating the moderator of the synod. His adversaries carried their hostilities still farther. The general assembly granted a commission for trying him on several accusations; one of which was, that, contrary to a law then existing in the church of Scotland a law, by the way, which is an unparalleled instance of ecclesiastical bigotry - he had married the earl of Huntley to his countess, without obliging him to subscribe to a confession of faith. Even his master, to whom he could now no longer be useful, and against whom his only offence appears to have been the failure of success in his attempts to serve him, ungratefully deserted him. James granted the revenue of his see to the duke of Lenox, and left the unfortunate prelate, and his family, in a situation, in which they, literally, wanted bread. Thus oppressed with poverty, he meanly submitted to deliver to the assembly a formal recantation of all his opinions concerning church government, which had given offence to the presbyterians. Though this confession was represented as a testimony which the force of truth had extorted from an adversary, (Robertson's Hist. of Scotland, book viii.) it was, probably, understood to have been dictated by necessity, without any real change of opinion; for, we do not find that the confession procured him any melioration of his condition. Supported, at the last, by charitable contribution, he terminated his unfortunate life towards the latter end of the year 1591. Though we can by no means exculpate

this prelate's enemies in the church of Scotland from the charge of unrelenting rigour, and even of cruel calumny, we think them perfectly justified in their opposition to the oppressive and injurious measures, which he supported under the authority of the king. We perceive in his character a considerable portion of bigotry, mixed with, at least, an equal share of timidity; we account for his misfortunes chiefly from his incapacity to support the cause he espoused with cool intrepidity; and we find little to mention in his praise, except that he wrote tolerable Latin verse, acquired high reputation as a popular preacher, and, in his last forlorn situation, strongly expressed sentiments of pious resignation. We give little credit to the extravagant panegyric of Mr. Wilson, the editor of his works, who writes, that "he was a miracle of nature, and rather seemed to be the immediate production of God Almighty, than born of a woman." Voluseni Vit. Adamson. Calderwood's Hist. of the Church of Scotland, fol. 1680. Spotswood, Hist. Ch. Scotland. Biogr. Brit.-E.

ADDISON, LANCELOT, an English clergyman, was born at Mauldismeburne, in Westmoreland, in the year 1632. He early distinguished himself by his zealous attachment to the Stuart family. After having taken his degree of master of arts, in Queen's College, Oxford, he was chosen one of the "Terræ filii" for the act which was celebrated in 1658. In his oration upon this occasion, he so severely satirised the republican rulers, that he was ob liged to make a public recantation, and ask pardon upon his knees. He soon afterwards left the university, probably in di gust. At the Restoration, the only remuneration which he received for his loyalty was an appointment to the post of chaplain to the garrison of Dunkirk, and afterwards to that of Tangier. It was not till 1675, that he obtained a prebendal stall in the cathedral of Sarum, and not till 1683, that he received the deanry of Litchfield. In the convocation which met in 1689, dean Addison was present, and is said to have expressed so strongly his attachment to tory principles, as to prevent his further advancement under the existing government. Dean Addison appears to have supported a consistent and upright character, and has left several treatises, which are now little known. His most valuable legacy to the world, was his son Joseph.-Of the writings of Lancelot Addison, the following may deserve particular mention: "West Barbary, or a short Narrative of the Revolutions of the Kingdoms of Fez, and Morocco, with an Account of the

political elevation did not render him negligent of the Muses, to whom he owed so much. He even ventured on a kind of experiment in poetry, and wrote his amusing and melodious opera of "Rosamond;" which, however, was not successful on the stage. A pamphlet which came out anonymously in 1707, entitled, "The present State of the War, and the Necessity of an Augmentation considered," is assigned to him in Tickell's edition of his posthumous works, and does credit to his powers in this kind of writing. In 1709, he accompanied the marquis of Wharton, made lord lieutenant of Ireland, as his secretary; and to this post was added that of keeper of the records, with an augmented salary. It was during his continuance in this kingdom, that an incident took place, which eventually contributed more to the fame and usefulness of Addison than all his poetical or political exertions. His friend Steele began in London, in the year 1709, to publish his periodical paper, "The Tatler;" a miscellaneous performance, including, with the common articles of a newspaper, essays and letters on a variety of subjects, connected with manners and literature. Addison occasionally afforded his assistance in a number of papers, allegorical, humorous and serious, some of which are exquisite productions, especially those which relate to the laughable foibles and minute peculiarities of character, in the delineation of which no writer ever equalled him. "The Court of Honour," and "The Political Upholsterer," are pieces of this kind, which he himself never surpassed. Steele modestly and ingeniously compared his situation to that of a distressed prince, who calls in a more powerful neighbour to his aid, and is undone by his auxiliary; and certain it is, that nothing of his own can be compared to the communications of his friend. Nevertheless, so sensible was he of the value of Addison's co-operation in engaging the public attention, that, when the Tatler was dropped in January 1711, he concerted with Addison the plan of a new paper under the title of "The Spectator," which made its appearance on March 1, in the same year. To this very celebrated work, which by its size and merit stands at the head of all publications of a similar kind, Addison contributed a stock of materials comprising some of the most interesting pieces, moral, critical, and humorous, to be met with in the English language. All that regards the smaller morals and the decencies of life, elegance and justness of taste, the regulation of temper, and the improvement of domestic society, is touched upon in these papers with the happiest combination of seriousness and ridicule.

In some of them Addison takes the higher tone of a religious monitor, and gives lessons from the press, which perhaps would not have been attended to from the pulpit. The improvement of our language was another point which he successfully laboured; and the abolition of ungraceful contractions, proverbial vulgarisms, and cant phraseology of all kinds, which at that period greatly infested our writing and speech, is greatly owing to his precept and example. His papers in the Spectator are all marked by some one of the letters composing CLIO; but in general they contain internal evidence of their author sufficient to assure a practised reader. It was a great merit in this work, that, at a time when party disputes ran so high as to interfere in almost every concern of life, the topics of the Spectator were so chosen and managed as to keep clear of this source of discord, and to afford one point, at least, in which all lovers of letters and morality might unite. Accordingly, its popularity rose to such a height, that, in a much less reading age than the present, 20,000 of the papers were sometimes sold in a day. This publication concluded in September 1712, and was succeeded in 1713 and 1714 by "The Guardian,” a similar work, in which Addison likewise bore a considerable share, though perhaps with somewhat less exertion. A few numbers of the

Whig Examiner," a paper printed in 1710, and intended as an attack upon the famous "Tory Examiner," are attributed to Addison; who thus gave vent to party rancour, without mingling it with better subjects. A short humorous piece of a similar nature, meant to expose the French commerce bill, proceeded from his pen in 1713, under the title of "The late Trial and Conviction of Count Tariff.”

His fame in the year 1713 received an accession from a new effort of his genius, which for a time almost eclipsed that which he had acquired as a periodical writer in prose. This was his celebrated tragedy of "Cato," a production equally remarkable for a correctness of plan, and sustained elevation of style, then unusual on the English stage, and for the glow of its sentiments in favour of political liberty. Addison, as we have seen, set out a decided friend of freedom. His patrons had been of the party most attached to free principles in government, and the present juncture was thought particularly to require an effort to render them popular. He is said to have written he greater part of Cato when on his travels; but he now retouched and augmented it; and it was brought on the stage, enforced with a sublime prologue by Pope, and an humorous epilogue by Garth. Its success was