to the party with their respective troops. Thus Antony was enabled to re-enter Italy at the head of a large army. Octavianus, who had long acted as the friend and general of the senate, now took off the mask, and advancing to meet Antony and Lepidus, held a conference with them in a river-island near Bologna, where they settled the partition of the Roman world. They also agreed on that bloody proscription which will ever render their names detestable. The life of Cicero was a principal sacrifice in sisted upon by Antony, who bore him an inveterate hatred, partly hereditary, on account of the condemnation of Lentulus the second husband of Antony's mother, and partly recent, from the famous Philippics that orator had pronounced against him. As a price for Cicero, Antony gave up his own uncle, Lucius Cæsar. The triumvirs then marched to Rome, to secure their usurped power, and put their sanguinary measures into execution. They soon filled the capital with rapine and murder in their most abominable forms; and Antony enjoyed the base satisfaction of fixing the head and right hand of Cicero upon the rostra which had so often witnessed the triumphs of his eloquence.

After the destruction of their enemies in Rome, Antony and Octavianus marched into Macedonia against Brutus and Cassius. In the first battle of Philippi, Antony commanded the division which opposed Cassius, and, after a severe conflict, broke his troops, and compelled him in despair to kill himself. In the second battle, it was principally through his means that Brutus met with a like fate. Besides the military talents he displayed in these actions, he exhibited an instance of generosity which ought to be recorded. When Lucilius, who had passed himself for Brutus on the Thracians, to whom he surrendered in order to give Brutus time to escape, was brought before Antony, instead of being angry at his disappointment, he gave Lucilius great applause for his fidelity, and embraced him as a friend. He like wise showed much sensibility on viewing the dead body of Brutus, threw his own rich mantle over it, and ordered it an honourable funeral. Antony next proceeded to Greece, and made some stay at Athens, where he frequented the public schools and gymnasia, and endeavoured by every mark of his favour and regard to ingratiate himself with that renowned city, illustrious in its decline. Thence he proceeded to Asia, where he gave full scope to his taste for splendour and voluptuousness, and imitated Alexander in revelry and profusion. He showed

great lenity to those of the party of Brutus who fell into his hands; but he severely fleeced some of the cities, and bestowed without scruple the property of many rich and peaceable citizens on his parasites and buffoons.

When in Cilicia, he summoned the famous Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, to give an account of her conduct, which had been displeasing to the triumvirs. Her presence captivated him in such a manner that he could never afterwards break the enchantment; and it was, in fact, the deciding circumstance of his future fortune. He accompanied her to Alexandria, where he lived with her in a perpetual round of dissipation, utterly forgetful of what was passing in the rest of the world. Meanwhile Fulvia, in Rome, disagreed so with Octavianus, that, at length, joined by Lucius the brother of Antony, she assembled some legions at Præneste, and, appearing at their head, commenced hostilities. A short war succeeded, which terminated entirely to the advantage of Octavianus, before Antony, at length roused to action, could reach Italy. The death of Fulvia, who had advanced. to Sicyon to meet her husband, and who seems to have been the cause of the quarrel, for the purpose of detaching Antony from Cleopatra, facilitated a reconciliation, which was at length completed by the marriage of Antony with Octavia the beloved sister of Octavianus, a lady of the most amiable and estimable character. The two great leaders now made a new division of the empire, in which all to the west of Codropolis in Illyricum was allotted to Octavianus, and all to the east, to Antony; and Africa was left to the insignificant Lepidus.

An agreement with Sextus Pompey, who had the command of the sea, was the next step towards the retoration of the public peace: after which Antony returned to Greece. He spent the winter in festivity at Athens, and sent his lieutenant Ventidius against the Parthians, who had made a great progress in the Roman provinces of Asia. Ventidius met with a success that excited the jealousy of Antony; so that the latter, upon joining him before Samosata, dismissed him to the honours of a triumph in Rome. Antony himself, after effecting very little, returned to Athens; and soon afterwards sailed to Italy, on the solicitation of Octavianus, who was hard pressed by Sextus Pompey. Here, through the mediation of Octavia, a perfect good understanding seemed to prevail between the two triumvirs; but Antony's infatuation with respect to Cleopatra made him put all to the hazard by a new interview with that queen in Syria, on his return to Asia; and he no less

offended decorum by the scandalous life he led with her, than injured the interests of the empire by his profuse gifts to her of whole kingdoms and provinces, and the injustices he committed at her suggestion. He even caused her foe, Antigonus king of Judæa, to be put to death like a common criminal. He then made a new expedition against the Parthians with a mighty army, but after great losses of men and warlike stores he was compelled to a disgraceful retreat. He concluded the campaign with getting possession of Artavasdes, king of Armenia, by treachery, and dragging him in triumph to Alexandria. The virtuous Octavia, who had set out from Rome with supplies of men and necessaries for his service, was not permitted to join him, but was ignominiously sent back.

Octavianus was not backward in improving this misconduct of Antony to his own advantage, and in inflaming the displeasure of the Romans against him. A war between the two sharers of the empire became inevitable, and preparations were made on each side; but Antony, immersed in pleasure and dissipation, acted little like a man who had such an interest at stake. The isle of Samos, which he appointed for his general rendezvous, was crowded with players, musicians, and all the ministers of riotous luxury; and serious business gave way to a perpetual round of entertainments, in which he and Cleopatra vied with the kings and princes attached to their party. In order to show his resentment against his rival, he solemnly divorced Octavia, and turned her out of his house in Rome. Such was the impression that this conduct made upon the friends of Antony, that many of them deserted him, to which the imperious behaviour of Cleopatra not a little contributed. War at length was declared at Rome against the Egyptian queen, and Antony was deprived of his consulate and government. Each party mustered their forces by land and sea, and the Ambracian gulf became the theatre of this mighty contest. While Antony lay at Actium, a presage of his coming ruin caused several persons of distinction to go over to his rival. Among these was one of his most intimate friends, Domitius Ahenobarbus, whose desertion struck Antony to the heart. But his behaviour on the occasion was truly generous, for he sent after him all his equipage and attendants; and this treatment so affected Domitius, who was sick, that he soon after died of remorse. The famous battle of Actium ensued, which was fought at sea, contrary to the advice of Antony's best officers, and chiefly

through the persuasion of Cleopatra, who was proud of her own naval force. In the midst of the action, while victory was yet suspended, Cleopatra with her squadron of fifty galleys took to flight; and the fascinated Antony, following her in a small vessel, left the world to be contended for by men of firmer minds, and overwhelmed his character in perpetual ignominy. His brave soldiers fought long without their general, but at length were entirely broken. His gallant land forces, unable to believe his total desertion of them, held out, though surrounded by the enemy, for many days; but at length, abandoned by all their principal officers, they surrendered to Octavianus, and were incorporated in his legions. Antony, full of shame, and indignant against the author of his ruin, retired in silence, and for some time refused to speak to her. At length they were reconciled, and he pursued his course to Libya, where he had left a considerable body of troops; but on his arrival he found these revolted to Octavianus. This disappointment so affected him, that he was with difficulty prevented from stabbing himself. He returned to Egypt, and for some time lived in gloomy solitude; but Cleopatra by her wonted arts drew him to her palace, and he resumed his former voluptuous life. Their festivity was interrupted by the invasion of Octavianus, who rejected all the proposals of submission made by them. When he arrived before Alexandria, some sparks of Antony's former courage broke out, and he sallied forth at the head of his cavalry, and defeated those of Octavianus. But afterwards, abandoned by the Egyptian fleet and by his own land forces, and having reason to think himself betrayed by Cleopatra herself, he fell into utter despair. He first rushed to Cleopatra's palace, in order to take vengeance on her, which she eluded by flight. Resolved upon death, he then called upon his faithful servant Eros to perform his promise of killing him when he should require it. Eros, pretending to comply, desired him to turn away his face, and then stabbed himself, and fell dead at his feet. Animated by this example of affectionate heroism, Antony then threw himself upon his sword. The wound was not immediately mortal; and, on desiring to take a last farewell of Cleopatra, he was carried to the bottom of the tower where that queen had taken refuge from his fury, and was drawn up to her by ropes, she herself assisting her women in the task. Here, after many expressions of tenderness, and much kind advice, he expired in her arms, in the fifty-sixth year of his age, B. C. 30. His body was most magni

fcently interred by Cleopatra; but at Rome his statues were all thrown down, and his memory declared infamous.

Antony left seven children by his three wives (for he had lawfully married Cleopatra after his divorce from Octavia): two sons, by Fulvia; two daughters, by Octavia; and a daughter and two sons, by Cleopatra. Octavia took the most generous care of her step-children, and brought up with her his daughter by Cleopatra, whom she married to Juba king of Mauritania. Her own two daughters, by their alliances, gave three emperors to Rome.

The romantic cast of Antony's character and adventures has rendered him a more conspicuous object in the records of fame, than his endowments could of themselves have done. With some splendid qualities, he had neither strength of understanding nor vigour of mind sufficient to rank him among great men. Still less can he class among good men; since, beside his unbounded love of pleasure, he was always unprincipled, and often cruel and mean. Yet few men have been more warmly beloved by their friends and partisans; and many of his actions displayed a generosity of disposition which raised him much above his more prudent rival, the cold and crafty Octavianus. Plutarch's Life of Antony. Univers. Hist.-A.

ANTONY OF BOURBON, Son of Charles of Bourbon, duke of Vendome, was born in 1527, and married in 1548 Joan d'Albret, queen of Navarre, who brought him in dowry the principality of Bearn, and the title of king of Navarre. Feeble and irresolute in his temper, he was not able to make good the claims to polilitical consequence which his birth gave him; and during the reign of Francis II. he was kept from court by the artifices of Catharine of Medicis, till in disgust he retired to Bearn. After the death of that king he claimed the regency, but was induced to cede it, and accept of the charge of lieutenant-general of the kingdom during the minority of Charles IX. He left the Calvinist religion and party, in which he had been bred, conformed to popery, and, with the duke of Guise and the constable Montmorenci, constituted what the Huguonots called the triumvirate. The civil war breaking out between the parties in 1562, he took the command of the army, and made himself master of Blois, Tours, and Rouen. At the siege of this latter place he received a wound in his shoulder, which, rendered dangerous by his indulgences with a lady whom Catharine employed to keep him under her influence, carried him off on the twenty-fourth day, in November 1562. He is

said to have had more firmness of heart than steadiness of principle. He could not be prevailed upon to divorce his wife, though she remained a Calvinist, and though he was tempted by a proposed union with Mary queen of Scots. In the reign of Francis it had been determined to take him off. He was informed of the design, yet went to the chamber where the murder was to be committed. "If they kill me," said he to a gentleman in his service "take my bloody shirt to my wife and son, who will read in my blood the lesson of revenge." This son was afterwards Henry IV. Moreri. Mod. Univers. Hist.-A.

ANTONY, distinguished by the appellation of Saint, and celebrated as the first institutor of monastic life, was born at Coma, a village in upper Egypt, not far from the Thebaïs, in the year 251. His parents, though rich, did not afford him the advantage of a liberal education. Several writers, among whom are Evagrius and Augustine, assert, that he was not even able to read; but it is probable, from the account given of this recluse by Athanasius, that he could read and write in the Coptic, his native tongue; and that, when he is said to have been unacquainted with letters, we are only to understand that he was a stranger to Greek learning. At the age of eighteen he was left in possession of a large estate; but a fanatical spirit irresistibly impelled him to disencumber himself of all secular concerns, by selling his property and distributing the money arising from the sale to the poor, and to devote himself to religion in a life of solitude and poverty. The place which he chose for his first retreat was a cell near his village: he then took up his abode in a sepulchre; and, after passing fifteen years in this gloomy retirement, he crossed the Nile, and advanced three days' journey eastward into the desert. Here he found, in a lonely spot, the ruins of an old castle, which he made his stated residence for nearly twenty years: The fame of his piety and sanctity brought him many followers, and monasteries began to rise up in the desert. During the persecution of Maximin, in the year 311, he left his solitude, and went to Alexandria to minister spiritual consolation to such as were suffering in the Christian cause. When the persecution was passed he returned to his monastery, and was followed by multitudes who hoped to share the benefit of his reputed power of performing miraculous cures. To avoid the inconvenience of these importunate crowds, the monk made a farther retreat into the mountainous part of the country, and fixed upon a new station on mount Cobzim,

near the Red Sea. Here he built a cell, or small monastery, where he passed the remainder of his days in solitude and devotion, not, however, without making occasional visits to his former disciples, who revered him as a father. During this latter part of his life he also, in the year 335, took a journey to Alexandria, at the request of Athanasius and other catholic prelates, to assist them in defending the faith against the Arians, and here" supported his fame with discretion and dignity." He received an invitation from the emperor Constantine to visit Constantinople, but he respectfully declined it and returned to his cell, where he lived to the venerable age of an hundred and five years. He died in the year 356, leaving behind him a numerous train of spiritual children, who had been formed by his example and precept to those habits of monastic seclusion and mortification which ignorant superstition may deem meritorious, but which an enlightened and benevolent philosophy must pronounce absurd and mischievous. What honour can be due to the memory of the fanatic who laid the foundation of an institution which has alienated millions of human beings from the first duties and the first enjoyments of society? Antony left his cloak to Athanasius, and his hair-cloth to two brethren who were with him at his death. Seven letters, written originally in Egyptian, and translated into Latin, in which there is more piety than eloquence, with some other pieces, ascribed to this proto-monk, may be found in the "Bibliotheca Patrum." Cave, Hist. Lit. Dupin. Moreri. Gibbon's Hist. c. 37.-E.

ANTONY OF LEBRIXA, or Antonius Ne- brissensis, a Spanish writer, born at Lebrixa, in Andalusia, in the year 1444, contributed largely to the revival of letters in Spain. Having studied at Salamanca, he went into Italy, where, in the university of Bologna, he acquired extensive knowledge. Besides the languages and polite literature, he became acquainted with mathematics, law, medicine, and theology, so that he might justly be reckoned one of the most learned men of his age. Upon his return into Spain, he taught grammar at Salamanca about twenty-eight years. He then removed to the university of Alcala, where, under the patronage of cardinal Ximenes, he taught until his death. Here he employed himself in publishing a Polyglott edition of the bible. He was historiographer to the king, and, in 1509, published two decades of an history of Ferdinand and Isabella, to be found in the first volume of the collection of Spanish historians, entitled " Hispania illustrata." This writer,

who was an eminent master of various languages, furnished the public with a dictionary of the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages, printed at Grenada in 1545. He also wrote notes upon several Latin classics, particularly Virgil, Persius, Juvenal, Pliny, Cicero, and Quintilian, and a commentary upon Aristotle's Rhetoric. He was, morcover, the author of a Treatise on Weights and Measures; a Cosmography; a Law-Dictionary; a Medical-Dictionary; Commentaries on the Scriptures; Poems, &c. This learned man died in the year 1522. Cave, Hist. Lit. Dupin. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-E.

ANTONY OF MESSINA, otherwise called Antonello, a celebrated painter, was a native of Messina, and flourished about 1430. Having seen at Naples a picture which king Alphonso had just received from Flanders, the performance of John Van Eyck, the supposed inventor of oil-colours, he was so struck with its beauty, that, relinquishing all other business, he went immediately to Bruges, where he obtained the secret. On his return, he communicated the knowlege of it to Bellini at Venice, and also to Dominico, a scholar of his own, who made it known at Florence; whence the Venetian and Florentine schools very early adopted the practice of painting in oil. Antony died at Venice, where his epitaph records him as the person who first introduced this new art into Italy. De Piles. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A.

ANTONY OF PADUA, a monk of the order of St. Francis, was born at Lisbon in 1195. In hope of obtaining the crown of martyrdom, he set sail for Africa; but the vessel being driven by a storm upon the coast of Italy, he remained in that country, where he devoted himself to the study of theology, and became an eminent preacher. The fraternity of Flagellants are said to have owed their origin, in part, to his sermons. Pope Gregory XI. who sometimes. heard him, used to call him "the ark of the new covenant, and the exact depositary of sacred learning." Father Antony taught successively at Montpelier, Toulouse, and Padua; at this last place he died in 1231, and thence took his appellation. His works, containing sermons, commentaries, and a moral concordance to the bible, were published at the Hague in 1641. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-E.

ANTONY OF PRATOVECCHIO, in Tuscany, an Italian lawyer, who flourished in the fifteenth century, was distinguished by his attempts to form a new code of feudal law. He' was educated at Florence. At the council of Pisa, in 1409, his talents were displayed to so

much advantage, that the Bolognese entreated him to accept a chair of law in their university. At the council of Constance he convinced the emperor Sigismond of the necessity of revising and arranging, in a new digest, the numerous feudal laws. The emperor, creating Antony count and counsellor of the empire, charged him with the execution of this arduous task. Returning to Bologna, he set about the work, and, having collected the laws upon fiefs made by the kings of Lombardy and the emperors, and read innumerable commentaries upon the subject, he at last produced from the chaotic mass a regu lar "Course of Feudal Law," which was pub. lished in the year 1428. This immense labour, while it commanded the applause of the lawyers, excited their envy; and, through their influence, the emperor refused the imperial approbation to this new code. What Sigismond denied was, however, afterwards granted by Frederic III. This eminent lawyer also wrote "Commentaries on the Decree of Gratian ;" and a "General Repertory," or Lexicon of Jurisprudence. He died at Bologna about the year 1464. Landi, Hist. Litt. d'Ital. lib. ix. n. 102.-E.

ANVARI, or ANVERI, one of the most famous of the Persian poets, was born in a village of Khorasan, in the twelfth century. He studied at the city of Thous, in the college called Mansuriah, where he lived as a poor scholar. It happened, that, as the equipages of the sultan Sanjiar, in one of his progresses, passed before the college, Anvari, who was sitting at the door, had the curiosity to inquire the name and condition of a person who rode by well dressed and mounted. Being told he was one of the sultan's poets, Anvari immediately became desirous of excelling in an art so much honoured and encouraged; and that very night composed a piece in praise of the sultan, which he presented to him the next day. The prince, who was a good judge of verses, found in it great marks of genius, and thenceforth attached the author to his person. He has the credit of being the first who freed Persian poetry from impurity and licentiousness; and he acquired such renown, that the surname of the king of Khorasan was bestowed upon him. A singular poetical contest is said to have been carried on between him and the poet Raschidi. They were in opposite interests, and the latter was shut up in a fortress besieged by sultan Sanjiar. In this situation they made war upon each other by means of missile pieces of verse fastened to the points of arrows. Anvari was much attached to astrology, which proved a source of great vexation to him; for, having concurred

with other astronomers in predicting a terrible storm on the day of the conjunction of the seven planets, which took place in the year 1185, it happened that it turned out so serene, that the lamps on the tops of the mosques were not extinguished. The enemies of Anvari took this opportunity of turning him to ridicule; and the sultan himself gave him a reprimand. Unable to bear this, he retired first to Meru, and then to Balk, where, in a poem, he made a public renunciation of astrology and its predictions. He died at Balk about 1200. D'Herbelot.- A.

ANVILLE, JEAN-BAPTISTE BOURGUIGNON D', first geographer to the king of France, member of the academy of in-criptions and belles-lettres, of the antiquarian society of London, and adjoint-geographer to the Parisian academy of sciences, was born at Paris the 11th of July 1697.

It is fortunate for society, when the early exertions of genius are strongly directed to some particular pursuit. A predilection for geography was eminently seen in the first labours of D'Anville. His time was employed in the perusal of ancient authors and the designation of charts, in which his study was directed to fix the positions of towns, and ascertain the locality of the great events recorded in history. The labours of a geographer are not unfrequently taken to consist in the simple occupation of a draftsman; but a very slight attention to the results of these labours will show that this department of science calls for the united powers of genius, science, and erudition. If we were in possession of astronomical observations to determine the position of the chief points in a map; if geodesial admeasurements were upon record to ascertain distances, the course of rivers, the direction of roads, and the sinuosities of the coasts, little would remain for the geographer, but to choose his projection, and delineate his materials with fidelity. But this is far from being the case. Among the various methods of observing, some are accurate, others loose and slovenly. Among travellers, how few are there who possess the requisite acquisitions of science, and fidelity to observe and relate their observations! many rough estimates and narratives at secondhand must present themselves among the materials which the geographer must use, because better cannot be had! What name can we give to that mental accomplishment which is here demanded over and above the perfect knowledge of the methods which have been, or may be, used by the travellers and historians? To select, to compare, to establish the evidence in favour of truth, and reject the deceptions of falsehood,

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