ple of all ranks, whom his austere piety and zeal for the church had attached to his interest. The king, still desirous of an accommodation, appointed William de Wazelwast to follow the archbishop to Rome, and attempt to obtain from the pope an acknowledgment of the contested right. This messenger boldly told Pascal, that the king his master would sooner lose his crown, than part with the prerogative of granting investitures. "And I," replied Pascal, "would rather lose my head, than suffer him to retain it." At this moment, accommodation appeared very remote; and Anselm retired first to Lyons, and afterwards to his monastery at Bec in Normandy. Pascal, however, who had lately been engaged in a violent contest with the emperor on the same subject, was secretly desirous not to proceed, with respect to the king, to the last extremity of excommunication: and Henry, knowing the popularity of Anselm, and dreading, perhaps superstitiously as well as politically, the consequences of excommunication, in a visit which he paid to his sister, the countess of Blois, in Normandy, had an interview with him, in which he restored to him the revenues of his see, which had been confiscated, and endeavoured, though without success, to persuade him to return into England, and yield to him the right of investiture. Things being thus in train towards an accommodation between Pascal and Henry, and Anselm having received importunate letters from the clergy soliciting his return; the dispute was at length terminated by a compromise, in which it was agreed, that the see of Rome should retain its spiritual power of investiture, and bestow upon the bishops the ring and crozier as symbols of office; and that the king of England should receive homage from them for their temporal properties and privileges. The king sent a messenger immediately to Anselm to invite him into England, and, upon receiving information that he was ill at the abbey of Bec, went in person into Normandy to settle every remaining point of difference between them. Anselm, after his recovery from his indisposition, embarked for England, and was received with singular expressions of a joyful welcome. Among these it may deserve particular mention, that the queen herself travelled before him on the road, and gave orders for his accommodation. The popularity of this prelate may be imputed, in a great measure, to the severity of his manners, and to the zeal with which he opposed abuses, imaginary as well as real, and encouraged superstitious austerities among the clergy or laity. He rigorously enforced clerical celi VOL. I. bacy, and was the first who prescribed this absurd, unnatural, and mischievous practice in England. By a canon of the national synod held at Westminster in 1102, it was provided, "That no archdeacon, priest, deacon, or canon, should be allowed to marry, or live with his wife already married." He was violent in his opposition to all innovations, even in articles of dress and ornament, and preached zealously against the long hair and curled locks which were then in fashion he even refused the ceremony of the ashes on Ash-Wednesday to those who appeared thus adorned; and in his sermons, with wonderful effect, exhorted the young men to exchange their curls for cropt hair. That jealousy for the privileges of the clergy which marked his whole character, was particularly shown in the displeasure which he expressed at the liberty taken by Henry, of interfering in ecclesiastical jurisdiction, by fining some of the clergy for a breach of the canons; and in a dispute which he had towards the close of hist life, and which was left undecided at his death, with the archbishop elect of York, who attempted to decline the customary profession of canonical obedience to the archbishop of Canterbury, and thus raise his see into an independent province. This is the only material occurrence mentioned during the three last years of Anselm's life, in which he enjoyed the quiet possession of his archiepiscopal see. This cclebrated prelate died at Canterbury in the year 1109. The superstitious reverence which was paid to the memory of Anselm, and the characteristic credulity of the age, are fully shown in the tales of his miracles recorded by John of Salisbury, an intelligent and learned writer of the twelfth century: they are too curious to be omitted. He relates, that, while he was living,. a Flemish nobleman was cured of a leprosy, by drinking the water in which Anselm had washed. his hands in celebrating mass; that he extinguished fires, calmed tempests, and healed diseases, by making the sign of the cross; that. he had rescued a hare, which had taken refuge under his horse's feet, by commanding the dogs not to pursue her; that two soldiers were cured of an ague, by tasting the crumbs fallen from some bread which he had been eating; that, by praying to God, he produced a spring of excellent water at the top of a hill for the relief of certain villagers; and that a ship in which he sailed, having a large hole in one of her planks, nevertheless took in no water as long as the holy man was on board. John of Salisbury adds, that after Anselm's death miracles were wrought 2 P at his tomb; that one born blind, deaf, and dumb, gained sight, hearing, and speech by paying his devotions at his tomb; that a soldier was cured of a dropsy by winding the saint's girdle about his body, and that the same girdle was successfully applied to the assistance of women in child-birth. (Johan. Sarisbur. de Vit. Anselmi.) Without examining the powers of Anselm as a saint, we shall perhaps fairly estimate his merit as a man, if, with great allowance for the narrow prejudices of a monastic education, and for principles and habits generated by a debasing system of superstition, we give him credit for honest zeal, and manly resolution in support of what he conceived to be the cause of religion. Had his own claims and those of his holy father been wholly of a spiritual nature, the question concerning papal authority, and the right of investiture, would have been an inoffensive dispute purely theological; but involving, as their claims under every appellation evidently did, temporal interests and emoluments, it is evident that they were such as could not be conceded, without relinquishing to a foreign or interior power the supremacy of the civil magistrate, and establishing in the church independent privileges and prerogatives, altogether inconsistent with the freedom of the state. In the religious character of Anselm we learn the tendency of unenlightened piety to degenerate into trifling scrupulosity; and, from the part which he acted under the popes, in his struggles with William and Henry, we see reason to deprecate that corrupt state of religion and of society, in which eminent talents and laudable dispositions are employed as instruments and tools of ambition and avarice. Anselm, considering the period in which he lived, was a learned man. He contributed to the introduction of the scholastic method of writing, in which the subtleties of logic were applied to theology. Among his metaphysical works is a treatise on the existence of God, in which this fundamental doctrine is established by arguments drawn from the abstract idea of deity, in the manner afterwards resumed by Des Cartes. His works, which are numerous, were first published in folio, at Nuremberg, in 1491; and afterwards, in three volumes, at Cologne, in 1573; in four volumes, with the notes of Picard, at Cologne, in 1612; at Lyons, in three volumes, in 1630; and by Gerberon, at Paris, in 1675. In this edition they are divided into three parts. The first, entitled "Monologia,' Monologia," contains metaphysical and theological tracts: among which are pieces on Truth; Free-will; Predestination; the Will of God; the Fall of the Devil; the Sacrament; the Incarnation ; the Virgin's active Conception; the Virgin's passive Conception; the Procession of the Holy Ghost; Marriage; and a Disputation on Grammar. The second part contains practical and devotional tracts, as Meditations; Soliloquies; Hymns; Eulogies on the Virgin Mary; Exhortations; Homilies; Poems. The third part consists of Anselm's letters, in four books. The metaphysical pieces are subtle and acute; the devotional abound with mysticism; the epistolary are on various topics of monastic or ecclesiastical discipline, piety and morality, or personal affairs, and are negligently written. Eadmeri Monachi Cant. Hist. W. Malmsb. de Gest. Pontif. Angl. Cav. Hist. Lit. Dupin. Biog. Brit.-E. ANSELM OF PARIS, an Augustine monk, was born in the year 1625. He devoted his life almost entirely to genealogical and biographical researches. In 1674 he published at Paris, in two volumes 4to. a French work entitled, "The Palace of Honour, or Historical Genealogies of the Illustrious House of France, and of several noble Families of Europe." This was followed by "A Genealogical and Chronological History of the House of France, and of the great Officers of the Crown," first published at Paris, in 4to. in the year 1694. The author died, in 1694, before he had completed his design; but it was republished with enlargements, in two volumes folio, by Fourni, in 1711; and it has been since continued by the Augustine fathers Ange and Simplicien, and, in 1726, &c. was published in nine volumes folio. Biographers have been much indebted to this industrious collector. Moreri. Bayle. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-E. ANSON, GEORGE Lord, an eminent English naval commander, descended from an ancient family in Staffordshire, was the third son of William Anson, esq. of Shuckborough in that county, and was born in 1697. He was early destined to the sea; and, after passing regularly through the inferior stations, was made postcaptain in 1724. Between that time and 1735 he was thrice with the ships under his command in South Carolina, where he acquired property, and erected a town bearing his name, which has since given an appellation to the surrounding district, called Anson-county. He made a fourth voyage to the coast of Guinea and America between 1738 and 1739, in which, by his prudence, he engaged the French to desist from interrupting the English Guinea trade, without coming to any acts of hostility. On the breaking out of the Spanish war in 1739, he was pitched upon as a proper person to command a fleet destined to attack the Spanish settlements in the Pacific Ocean. This expedition, which is among the most memorable of the naval transactions of England, and conferred celebrity on the name of the commander, has been so well described in a very popular book "Anson's Voyage" (written by Mr. Robins, under the name of Mr. Walter, the chaplain) that it is unnecessary here to do more than mention a few circumstances which display the personal character of Anson. He set sail on September 18, 1740, with a squadron of five men of war, a sloop, and two victuallers. The time of departure was very ill chosen with respect to the seasons to be encountered in the climates to which he was bound; and the whole business of the fitting out was managed with the negligence and incapacity which then pervaded most branches of the public administration. These errors were severely felt through the whole expedition, and gave full exercise to the fortitude and talents of the commodore. After passing along the eastern coast of South America, he doubled Cape Horn in a series of such storms and tempests as separated his whole fleet, only a small part of which ever rejoined him. He refitted at the island of Juan Fernandes, where he set the example to his officers of assisting with his own hand in setting the sick sailors on shore; and, for the benefit of future navigators, he sowed a variety of garden-vegetables and fruit-trees. He likewise there and elsewhere caused surveys to be taken, and accurate charts made of all the roads, bays, coasts, &c, that some advantage, at least, might accrue from the expedition, even though its leading purposes were to fail. Thence he proceeded to the coast of Peru, and took the rich town of Paita, which, on the refusal of the Spaniards to ransom it, he was obliged, according to the practice of war, to reduce to ashes. On this coast he took some valuable prizes, on board of which were some passengers of distinction of both sexes. His treatment of these was so generous and honourable, and that of the women in particular so delicate and polite, that it excited the greatest surprise in persons who had been led to expect nothing from English sailors but insolence and barbarity, and it left the most favourable impressions of himself and his nation. Afterwards he sailed to the coast of Mexico; and there, resolving to attempt to intercept the annual Acapulco ship, he took his departure across the Pacific Ocean with his own vessel the Centurion man of The war, and the Gloucester. In this passage, the Gloucester became so leaky that it was necessary to abandon her, and the united crews were so thinned and weakened by the scurvy, that the utmost exertions were requisite to enable them to reach the charming but uninhabited isle of Tinian, one of the Ladrones. While the commodore, with most of his officers and crew, was here on shore, the Centurion was blown out to sea; and so little prospect was there of her being able to reach the island again, that much labour was spent in lengthening a small vessel found on the island, Anson taking the axe in hand like a common sailor. only occasion in which the marks of emotion broke through the uniform stedfastness and equality of his demeanour was when he received news of the Centurion's coming again in sight. From Tinian he went to refit at Macao, and, again putting to sea, had the good fortune to fall in with the Manilla galleon, which he captured after a sharp action, though greatly superior to his own ship in size and number of men. At the moment of victory he had a call for the exertion of all his courage and presence of mind, in consequence of a fire which broke out near the Centurion's powder-room, but which, his orders, given with all the calmness of one conversant with danger in every shape, soon got under. He sailed back with his prize to Canton, and there exhibited equal dexterity and firmness in transacting affairs with the crafty Chinese, and maintaining the rights of the English flag. Returning by the Cape of Good Hope, he arrived at Spithead on June 15, 1744, having completed the circumnavigation of the globe, and brought back great riches taken from the enemy, though unforeseen disasters had defeated some of the principal purposes of the enterprise. Immediately on his return he was made a rear-admiral of the blue; and, not long after, a commissioner of the admiralty, rear-admiral of the white, and, in 1746, vice-adiniral. He commanded the Channel fleet during the winter of 1746-7. In May, 1747, he performed a signal service to his country by capturing off Cape Finisterre the whole squadron of M. de la Jonquiere, consisting of six men of war, which were convoying a large fleet bound to the East and West Indies. Four East Indiamen also fell into his hands. The great superiority of his squadron rendered this exploit rather a matter of good fortune than a display of bravery, though his seamanship was conspicuous in preventing the escape of any of the enemy's ships of war. For this and his other services he was with great propriety, in the June following, raised to the English peerage by the style of lord Anson, baron of Soberton, in the county of Southampton. On this occasion he took the appropriate motto of Nil desperandum, which was, in reality, the maxim of his eventful life. In 1748 he married Elizabeth, eldest daughter of the lord chancellor Philip lord Hardwicke, who died without issue in 1760. The post of vice-admiral of Great Britain was conferred on him in 1749; and in 1751 he occupied the important station of first commissioner of the admiralty. He was exposed to some censure in consequence of the loss of Minorca at the beginning of the war of 1755, as not having sent out a fleet sufficiently early nor strong enough for its defence; and, in November 1756, on a change of administration, he resigned his post. On à parliamentary enquiry, however, he, with the rest of the late ministry, was acquitted of all blame respecting Minorca. In 1757 he again was placed at the head of the admiralty board, where he continued during the remainder of his life, which included almost all the glorious period of that war. The last time he commanded a fleet was in 1758, when he covered the descents made on the coast of France, and kept the French fleet in port. In 1761 he was raised to the principal naval dignity, that of admiral and commander-in-chief of the fleet, for the purpose of bringing over the queen. He had formerly, on several occasions, been entrusted with conveying king George II. to and from the continent. Full of honours and reputation, he died at Moor-Park, Hertfordshire, on June 6, 1762, leaving his whole property to his brother, Thomas Anson, esq. of Staffordshire. Among the merits of this eminent person was that of having bred up several excellent officers, who afterwards performed great services to their country. Till later voyages had multiplied the circumnavigations of the globe," to have been round the world with commodore Anson" was a great distinction to a seaman. Biog. Britan.-A. ANSTIS, JOHN, an heraldic antiquary of eminence, was the son of John Anstis, esq. of St. Neot's in Cornwall, where he was born in 1669. He was educated at Oxford, and afterwards entered at the Middle Temple. In the years 1702, 3, and 4, he represented the borough of St. Germans in parliament, and distinguished himself as one of the opposers of the bill for occasional conformity. After enjoying other places, he was, in 1714, appointed to that of garter king at arms, which he held till his death in 1744. He published, in 1706, "A Letter concerning the Honour of Earl Marshal," 8vo; in 1720, " The Form of the Installation of the Garter," 8vo; in 1724, "The Register of the most noble Order of the Garter, with a Specimen of the Lives of the Knights," 2 vols. folio; and in 1725, "Observations introductory to an Historical Essay on the Knighthood of the Bath," 4to. He left behind him in MS. a variety of collections relative to subjects of heraldry, antiquities, family history, and topography; among the rest, a work nearly finished, entitled "Aspilogia, a Discourse concerning Seals in England," with fine drawings. His professional eminence may be inferred from a line in one of Prior's Epigrams: But coronets we owe to crowns, And sons of Anstis by election. ANTELMI, JOSEPH, a laborious French writer in ecclesiastical history, was a canon of Frejus in Provence in the seventeenth century. He published, in 4to, in 1680, a Latin "Dissertation, Historical, Chronological, and Critical, on the Church of Frejus.' He also wrote a critical inquiry concerning the author of the creed commonly called 'Athanasius's, with several other tracts, full of curious research. He died, a victim to immoderate study, at the age of forty-nine, in the year 1697. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-E. neid, ANTENOR, a Trojan prince, the subject of various fabulous narrations, is supposed to have been a son of Laomedon, and younger brother of Priam. Homer represents him as one of the prudent counsellors who advised the restoration of Helen, and giving satisfaction to the Greeks. Some posterior writers have charged him with betraying Troy to the enemy. It is generally agreed, that he was spared in the massacre; and a celebrated story has been framed, adopted by Virgil in his that, after the destruction of Trov, Antenor led a colony of Heneti (a people of Paphlagonia) into Italy, near the mouth of the Po, where, expelling the Euganei from their lands, he settled in them, and founded Padua. of the Veneti is derived from this supposed emigration. A pretended tomb of Antenor, discovered in the thirteenth century, is manifestly fictitious. His wife Theano, the daughter of Cissæus king of Thrace, was priestess of Minerva. Moreri. Heyne, Exc. in Virgil. Æn. lib. i. — A. The name ANTESIGNAN, PETER, an industrious Grammarian, a native of Rabasteins, in Languedoc, flourished in the sixteenth century. He published a Greek grammar, which passed through several editions, and a treatise on universal grammar; a laborious but ill digested work. His most useful publications were his editions of Terence; in which he spared no pains to facilitate the learning of the Latin language. He published the comedies of Terence in three different ways; first, with short notes, and contents at the head of each scene, marking the accents of every word of more than two syllables, and the manner in which each verse should be scanned; secondly, with the notes of almost all the commentators who had written upon Terence; and lastly, with new marginal notes; and a French translation and paraphrase of the first three comedies. This work was published, at Lyons, in 1556. This writer's indefatigable industry also appears in his "The matis Verborum investigandi Ratio," and his "Praxis Præceptorum Linguæ Græcæ," annexed to several Greek grammars. Antesignan had the merit of pursuing with great perseverance useful rather than ostentatious labours. "Let others," says he," affect the reputation of learning; I honestly and freely own, that I have to the utmost of my power devoted my labours to the useful purpose of forming and assisting the studies of boys." "Much praise," as Erasmus remarks, "is due to those who, for the sake of public utility, do not refuse to bestow their industry on a troublesome task, which promises little fame." (Erasmi Præfat. in Lexicon; Ep. 21. lib. 28.) Bayle. Moreri. - E. ANTHEMIUS, emperor of the West, was a native of Constantinople, and the representative of an illustrious and opulent family. He derived his name from his maternal grandfather, Anthemius the prefect, the excellent minister of Theodosius the younger. He married Euphemia, daughter of the emperor Marcian; and successively rose to the highest dignities of a subject. He was consul in 455, and afterwards patrician, and general, in which last capacity he gained a victory over the Huns on the banks of the Danube. Being nominated by the emperor Leo I. to terminate the interregnum of the West, Anthemius left Constantinople with a splendid retinue, and entered Rome, amidst universal acclamations, where he was inaugurated A. D. 467. The next year, he married his daughter to the patrician Ricimer, the too potent barbarian commander. His government had not sufficient strength to protect Gaul from the inroads of the Visigoths, who defeated a ANT body of Britons sent for by Anthemius to protect his unwarlike subjects. Discord arose between the emperor and his son-in-law, Ricimer; and the latter, fixing his residence at Milan, exercised an independent sovereignty over that part of Italy. After some unsuccessful negociations, Ricimer marched with an army of Burgundians and Suevi, bringing with him Olybrius, whom he destined for the empire. Anthemius was faithfully supported by the senate and citizens of Rome, who stood a siege of three months. At length, Ricimer took the capital by storm, and, discovering Anthemius in his concealment, caused him to be massacred, A. D. 472. Univers. Hist. Gibbon. — A. ANTHEMIUS, a celebrated architect in the time of Justinian, was a native of Tralles, in Asia Minor, and attached himself to the service of that emperor. Justinian employed him in the erection of various edifices, and, among the rest, of the church of St. Sophia, in Constantinople. Anthemius was also a sculptor, a mathematician, and an experimental philosopher. He is said to have made an experiment by which he so well imitated an earthquake, as to frighten out of his house one Zeno, a rhetorician, who had offended him. Vitellion asserts that he made a burning-glass of a combination of plane mirrors. Some fragments are remaining of a Greek work of his concerning" Wonderful Machines" [Machinamenta Paradoxa]. Felibien, Vies des Archit. Moreri.-A. ANTIGENIDES, a celebrated player on the flute, was a native of Thebes in Boeotia, and the son of Satyrus, an eminent performer upon the same instrument. He received instructions from his father, and likewise from Philoxenus, a famous poet and musician, by which means he rose to such celebrity, that some of the first men of his time were his disciples. Pericles put his nephew Alcibiades under the instruction of Antigenides; but that extraordinary character, seeing in a mirror his face distorted by blowing the flute, broke the instrument in pieces; an incident which rendered it unfashionable in Athens. Antigenides introduced several improvements in the flute, multiplying its apertures, and thereby rendering its sounds more various and flexible. He himself played on it in all modes; the simple Eolian, the varied Ionian, the plaintive Lydian, the grave Phrygian, and the martial Dorian; and had likewise a strain peculiar to himself, which gave him the reputation of being the inventor of a new species of music. He was a great asserter of the dignity of the musical profession, and appeared |