and Latin, were, "Xenophontis Memorabilia, 1690;" "Xenophontis Sermo de Agesilao, 1691;" "Aristeæ Historia LXXII Interpretum, 1692;" "Xenophontis de Re Equestri, 1693;' Epictetus, et Theophrastus, 1707;" he edited, in Greek, "Platonis, Xenophontis, Plutarchi, Luciani Symposia ;" Oxon. 1711, 8vo. Dr. Aldrich drew up also, for the use of the college, a system of Logic, under the title of "Artis Logica Compendium," and "Elements of Geometry."

Dean Aldrich amused his academic leisure with music and poetry. As a musician, his abilities are said to have been such, as to rank him among the first masters of the science. He very successfully naturalised the compositions of the old Italian masters, and adapted English words to their music: he was also himself a good composer, and enriched the stores of church music with many new anthems and services. He preserved an admirable choral discipline in his college, and established in it a musical school, where he was a careful examiner and liberal rewarder of merit; and at his decease he bequeathed to his college a most capital collection of church music. His musical talents were not wholly devoted to sacred use. Being naturally of a chearful temper, and possessing a happy vein of wit and humour, he did not despise the Horatian maxim, "Dulce est desipere in loco." For the entertainment of smokers, of which fraternity he himself was, it seems, a very worthy member, he composed a famous smoking catch to be sung by four men smoking their pipes: he was also the author of the popular catch, "Hark the bonny Christ Church bells." As a Latin poet, Aldrich is entitled to some distinction. The "Musa Anglicana" contain two elegant pieces written by him; one, on the accession of William III; the other on the death of the duke of Gloucester. He has the credit of being the author of several humourous pieces, and, among the rest, of the following epigram, entitled, "Causæ Bibendi."

"Si bene quid memini, causæ sunt quinque bibendi, Hospitis adventus, præsens sitis, atque futura, Aut vini bonitas, aut quælibet altera causa.”

"If on my theme I rightly think,

There are five reasons why men drink;
Good wine, a friend, because I'm dry,
Or lest I should be by and by,
Or any other reason why."

That more serious and important labours commonly occupied the time of Aldrich, appears not only from the academic history of

his life, but from his literary productions. Besides his editions of classical authors already mentioned, he had some concern in the publi cation of Gregory's Greek Testament, printed in folio at Oxford, in 1703. He wrote notes on Havercamp's edition of Josephus. He was the author of " A Reply to two Discourses, lately printed at Oxford, concerning the Adoration of our blessed Saviour in the holy Eucharist;" and "A Defence of the Oxford Reply, &c." the former printed in 4to. at Oxford, in 1687: the latter, in 1688. His modesty prevented his prefixing his name to several learned tracts; but his reputation as a writer, in the period in which he lived, may be inferred from the testimony of bishop Burnet, who ranks him among those eminent English clergymen, "who examined all the points of popery with a solidity of judgment, and a clearness of arguing, far be yond any thing that had before that time appeared in our language." (Burnet's History of his own Time. ed. 1724. p. 673.)

The candour of Aldrich's temper, and the moderation of his principles, may be inferred from his having been, in 1689, appointed by William III. one of the commissioners for preparing matters towards introducing alterations in the service of the church, and accomplishing a comprehension with the dissenters: a design, which, at this time, and in every subsequent attempt, has failed through an unreasonable dread of innovation. In conjunction with bishop Sprat, he was employed to revise the manuscript of lord Clarendon's History of the Rebellion; but it does not appear that they made any considerable additions or alterations. In 1702 Aldrich was chosen prolocutor of the convocation. He possessed the living of Wem in Shropshire, but it does not appear that he was ever resident out of Oxford. In 1710, he died at his college, leaving an order to be buried, without any memorial, in the cathedral.

His modesty and humility, his easy pleasantry, his attention to academic business and to the credit of his college, his exertions for the encouragement of learning, and the proofs which his memoirs afford of respectable talents, various accomplishments and amiable qualities, unite to transmit his name with honour to posterity. Wood's Athen. Oxon. Le Neve's Fasti. Burney's and Hawkins' Hist. of Music. Biogr. Brit. — E.

ALDRICH, or ALDRIDGE, ROBERT, an English divine, was bishop of Carlisle in the reigns of Henry VIII. Edward VI. and Mary; a circumstance which strongly marks his character, and shows the convenient pliableness of

his principles. Through every change in church and state, which these three reigns produced, to have retained his station and emoluments, cannot, with the utmost stretch of candour, be entirely imputed to his moderation. Aldrich has, however, the credit of having been praised, when young, by two such eminent men as Erasmus and Leland. He is said, by Erasmus, in one of his epistles, to be "blandæ eloquentiæ juvenis" [a youth who possessed captivating powers of language]; and Leland expressed his admiration of his talents and learning in a Latin epistle. Bishop Aldridge was Bishop Aldridge was born at Burnham in Buckinghamshire, was entered at King's College, Cambridge, in the year 1507; took possession of the see of Carlisle in 1537, and died in 1555. He wrote "Resolutions Concerning the Sacraments," "Answers to Queries concerning the Abuse of the Mass;" "Epigrams," &c. Godwin de Præsul. Ang. Wood, Athen. Oxon. Leland. Collectan. Biogr. Brit.-E.

ALDROVANDI, ULYSSES, a celebrated naturalist, called the modern Pliny, was born at Bologna, in 1522, of a family descended from the counts of the same name. He very early displayed his inclination for travelling, by accompanying on foot, as far as the shrine of St. James of Compostella, a pilgrim whom he accidentally met with not far from home. He pursued his studies partly at Bologna and partly at Padua, and there was no science which his inquisitive disposition did not lead him to cultivate. Falling into some suspicion respecting his religious opinions, he made a journey to Rome in 1550 in order to clear himself; and there attentively studied the antiquities of the place, and drew up a treatise on the ancient statues, which he gave to his friend Lucio Mauro, with whose work on Roman antiquities it was printed. He there likewise made an acquaintance with Rondelezio, whose researches into the history of fishes gave him a taste for the knowledge of nature. Returning to Bologna he applied himself to botany, and went to Pisa to obtain further instructions in it from Ghini, the professor in that branch. He graduated in physic at Bologna in 1553, and on the following year was appointed to the chairs of logic and philosophy, and to the extraordinary lectureship of botany, which in 1561 was made ordinary. By his interest the botanical garden of Bologna was founded in 1567, of which he had the superintendence. Besides attending to the duties of his station, he employed infinite labour in accumulating all the information concerning natural history that the age could afford, col

VOL. I.

lecting books of all kinds, making numerous journeys, and establishing correspondences with the learned all over Europe. He likewise, at great expense, formed a museum of rare and curious productions, and kept several of the best artists in his employ for several years in delineating them. The fruit of these toils was a prodigious collection of matter relative to all the kingdoms of nature, of which in his life-time he published four folio volumes, with plates; three of them on ornithology, and one on insects. One volume on bloodless animals, and one on fishes, were likewise composed by him. The rest published under his name, which make the whole number thirteen volumes, and treat on serpents, quadrupeds, monsters, metals, and trees, are compilations by other persons chiefly from materials which he left behind him. Notwithstanding he was aided by several princes, and by the senate of Bologna, in these expensive pursuits, he lived to exhaust all his property, and is said to have died, at the age of eighty-three, blind, and in an alms-house. He bequeathed to his country all his vast collections; of which a catalogue was printed in Italian in 1648. His museum formed the basis of that now existing at Bologna, and many of his specimens are still in being. His memory is held in great honour at his native place. His works are defective in method and selection, and abound in superfluities and matter of dubious authority; yet natural history owes him great obligations for his indefatigable industry and munificent patronage. The illustrious Buffon calls him the most laborious and learned of all the naturalists, and praises the plan and distribution of his work, and the exactness of his descriptions. Besides his manuscripts in natural history, he left copious writings upon almost every branch of the arts and sciences; which proves his disposition, like that of Pliny, to have rather been towards collection and compilation, than towards the exercise of the judgment. Moreri. Tiraboschi. - A.

ALDUS. See MANUZIO.

ALEANDER, JEROM, born in the year 1480, distinguished himself in the sixteenth century as a violent opposer of Luther and the reformation. Notwithstanding the assertion of Luther that he was a Jew by birth, it appears probable, as Bayle has shown, that he was descended from a catholic family of distinction in Istria, and that the only ground for supposing him a Jew, was his perfect knowledge of the Hebrew tongue. He is said to have possessed a memory in an uncommon degree retentive, and to have been enabled, by means of this fa

culty, to have made himself master, besides the Hebrew, of the Greek and Latin, and several modern languages. His splendid talents attracted the attention of the Roman court; and, if we are to credit the account of Luther, which Bayle, however, disputes, he was at Rome in the pontificate of Alexander VI. and was secretary to the infamous Cæsar Borgia. It is more certain that he was invited by Louis XII. into France, and was appointed, in 1508, professor of philosophy in the university of Paris. The reputation which he acquired in this situation introduced him with credit to the court of Leo. X. This pontiff, the patron of learned men, at first procured him the office of secretary to the cardinal de' Medici; and afterwards, on the death of Acciaioli, appointed him librarian of the Vatican. A more important proof of his confidence in his talents and zeal was given him by the pope, when in 1519 he sent him as his nuncio into Germany, to meet the formidable storm which was then rising to threaten the safety of the church. In the diet of Worms he undertook the accusation of Luther, and spoke against him three hours. He could not, however, prevent the diet from granting Luther permission to make his defence; and, whether from fear of encountering so able an antagonist, or from confidence in the disposition of the assembly, when Luther challenged him to disputation he declined the contest. In the result of the trial, he had sufficient influence in the diet to obtain an edict for burning his books, and proscribing his person, and he drew up the edict with his own hand. He was sent a second time into Germany as nuncio from the pope in the year 1531, and endeavoured, but without success, to dissuade Charles from mak ing a truce with the protestants in that country. Pope Paul III. created him cardinal, and sent him a third time into Germany, where he remained a year in the capacity of a legate, still exerting his utmost efforts to check the progress of the reformation. Returning to Rome, he died there in 1532, not, as has been said, through the unskilfulness of his physician, but because he had destroyed his health by taking too much care of it. He died at the time when he was putting his last hand to a work against the professors of the sciences, which was never published. The only works which he has left are proofs of his having been an eminent scholar they are, "Lexicon Græco-Latinum," printed in folio at Paris in 1521, and "Grammatica Græca," printed in 8vo. at Strasburg in 1517.

Luther describes Aleander as a man destitute of principle, ungovernable in his passions,

choleric even to madness, of insatiable avarice, and shamefully addicted to licentious pleasures: but it must be remembered that this is the report of an adversary, who was not sparing in terms of reproach against his enemies, and who appears evidently to have given hasty credit to the story of his being a Jew. That he was a man of ill-temper and violently passionate, is acknowledged by Gentin, this cardinal's secretary, in one of his letters to the bishop of Vienna, in which, having informed him of his death, he says, "Hitherto I have not looked out for another Mæcenas at Rome, for the violent temper of my deceased patron renders me fearful, lest I should make Glaucus's exchange with Diomed." (Lib. viii. Epist. ad Nauscam.) Erasmus, who appears to have had an early intimacy with Aleander, and speaks of him as an old friend, bears a handsome testimony to his learning. "I always, says he, pay great respect to Aleander, especially in letters, nor am I more hurt, if he be more learned, than if he be richer or handsomer than myself." [Ipse plurimum tribuere soleo Aleandro, præsertim in literis; nihiloque magis me lædi puto si doctior est, quain quod ditior est, aut formosior] (Erasm. Epist. xii. 4.) He complains, however, and, as it appears, not without good reason, that he had abandoned his friendship, and become his inveterate and malignant enemy; giving credit to every ill report against him, and not scrupling any means by which he might exasperate the pope and bishops against him. "I am informed," writes Erasmus," that a general persuasion prevails, that my writings have occasioned all this storm which has fallen upon the church: the chief author of this idle report is Jerom Aleander, a person, to say the least, not scrupulously exact in speaking the truth." [Jam audio multis persuasum ex meis scriptis extitisse totam hanc ecclesiæ procellam: cujus vanissimi rumoris auctor Hieronymus Aleander, homo, ut nihil aliud dicam, non superstitiose verus] (Epist. xx. 84.) The fact seems to have been, that Aleander's zeal for the church of Rome, united with great warmth of temper, surmounted every consideration of private friendship, and determined him at any expense to accomplish, if possible, the ruin of Lutheranism; and it cannot be doubted that Erasmus, though not an avowed reformer, gave the zealous Catholics as much offence by his indirect strokes of sarcasm, as Luther by his open and vehement assaults. How keenly Aleander felt the mortification of finding all his efforts to stem the torrent of heresy ineffectual, may be seen in the expressive epitaph which he wrote for his own tomb.

Κατθανόν εκ αεκων, ότι παύσομαι ων επιμαρτυς Πολλων, ὧνπερ ιδειν άλγιον ην θανατε.

"Not unreluctant I resign my breath,

"For to behold life's ills is worse than death."

(P. Jovius in elog.) Bayle. Moreri.-E. ALEANDER, JEROM, the younger, a nephew of the cardinal Aleander, by profession a civilian, was a writer of some distinction in the seventeenth century. He was secretary first to cardinal Bandini, and afterwards to Barberini, and lived chiefly at Rome, where he was member of a literary society, who called themselves the Humourists. He wrote many pieces for that society, and published one in Italian on the device which the society had adopted. In his professional capacity, he wrote " Commentaries on the Institutes of Caius." He was fond of antiquarian pursuits, and wrote a piece entitled, "Explicatio antiquæ Tabulæ marmorea Solis Effigie exsculptæ," &c. [Explanation of an ancient Marble Tablet engraved with the Figure of the Sun, &c.] printed in 4to. at Rome, in 1616, and in Paris 1617. He also wrote Italian and Latin poems, and some pieces on ecclesiastical affairs. He is said to have died of intemperance in eating: his death happened in 1631. Nicæus Eryth. Bayle. Moreri.-E. ALEGAMB, PHILIP, a learned Flemish Jesuit, was born at Brussels in the year 1592. He appears to have possessed talents, which qualified him either for active or studious life. In his younger days, after his classical education was finished, he went into the service of the duke of Ossuna, whom he accompanied into Sicily. After he had taken the Jesuit's habit, he travelled through Germany, France, Spain, Portugal and Italy, as tutor to the son of prince Eggemberg, a favourite of the emperor Ferdinand II. He afterwards accompanied the same young man, as his confessor, on an embassy to Rome. In the school of Gratz he taught philosophy, schooldivinity, and morals. For several years he was employed at Rome by the general of the Jesuits as secretary for the Latin dispatches which related to Germany, and was afterwards appointed to the prefecture of spirituals in the Maison Professe. He died at Rome in 1652. His literary labours were chiefly devoted to the honour of his fraternity. Besides the "Life of Cardin, a Portuguese Jesuit ;" and " Memoirs of the Sufferings of some of his Brethren," he wrote a "Bibliotheque des Auteurs Jesuites," founded upon a catalogue begun by Ribadeneira in 1602, and enlarged by Scholt in the Antwerp edition of 1613. Alegamb gives a very accurate account of works published by Jesuits, and of the birth,

situation and employment of each writer; but is too lavish of panegyric, discovers great partiality to his order, and industriously keeps out of sight such works as have been censured by the inquisition, or are proscribed in the " Index Expurgatorius." This work was printed at Antwerp in 1643, and reprinted at Rome, by P. Sotuel, in 1675. P. Oudin has since published a more complete work of the same kind. Sotuel. Bibl. Script. Societ. Fes. Bayle.-E.

ALEMAN, LOUIS, the cardinal of Arles, was born of a noble family which possessed the seignory of Arbent and Mongisson in the year 1390. Having entered the church, he advanced rapidly through the several stages of ecclesiasti cal preferment till he obtained the archbishopric of Arles. In 1422, pope Martin V. sent him to Sienna to direct the removal of the council of Pavia to that city. Soon afterwards he employed him in reforming the police in Romagna. Louis III. king of Naples, held him in high respect, and on his account confirmed the privileges which his predecessors had granted to the city of Arles. The pope honoured him with the dignity of cardinal. After the death of Martin V. the cardinal, during the council of Basil, in which he was president, embroiled himself with pope Eugenius IV. on the subject of that council, which, contrary to the pontiff's pleasure, he continued to hold at Basil. In this council Eugenius was deposed, and the duke of Savoy, under the name of Felix V. was named in his place. Eugenius, on his part, excommunicated the cardinal, and declared him unworthy to hold any dignity in the church. But after Felix had renounced the papacy in favour of Nicholas V. the lawful successor of Eugenius, this pontiff received the cardinal of Arles to his communion, restored to him his dignities, and sent him as his legate into Lower Germany. On his return Aleman retired to his diocese, where he was usefully employed in endeavouring to reform the clergy, and instructing the people. He died at Salon in the year 1450, and was afterwards canonised. With the virtues of an ecclesiastic he united the talents of a statesman. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Moreri.-E.

ALEMAN, LOUIS AUGUSTINE, a grammarian and historian, advocate of Grenoble, where he was born in 1653, printed in French "Remarks of M. de Vaugelas on the French Language," with a preface containing his own observations. He afterwards wrote, "New Observations, or a Civil War in France upon Language," printed in 12mo, at Paris, in 1683: "The Monastic History of Ireland," in 12m0, Paris, 1690; and, "An Historical Journal of