this that is hearing, the sphere of hearing, the constituent faculty of hearing, this that is an ocean", "lucent", "a field",

element of hearing, the "the world", "a door",

"a basis", "the hither shore", "an empty village "—this is that [material] form which is the sphere of hearing.

[605-8] What is that [material] form which is the sphere of smell?

The nose, that is to say the sentient organ,2 derived from the four Great Phenomena, forming part of the nature of the self, invisible and reacting,

(a) by which nose, invisible and reacting, one has smelt, smells, will, or may smell odour that is invisible and reacting; (b) against which nose, invisible and reacting, odour that is invisible and reacting, has impinged, impinges, will, or may impinge ;

(c) which nose, invisible and reacting, has impinged, impinges, will, or may impinge on odour that is invisible and reacting;

(d) depending on which nose, in consequence of an odour depending on which nose, and having an odour as its object, there has arisen, arises, will, or may arise

olfactory contact,

and, depending on which nose, in consequence of an odour depending on which nose, and having an odour as its object, there has arisen, arises, will or may arise, born of that olfactory contact,

this that is smell, the sphere, the constituent element, the

66

1 On the omission of a guide", etc., see p. 175, n. 4.

2 This is situated "inside the cavity of the aggregate nasal organism, in appearance like a goat's hoof". (Asl. 310.) Cf. Hardy, loc. cit. Probably the hoof is imagined as regarded from below.

faculty, of smell, this that is "the world ", etc. [continue as in § 604].

[609-12] What is that [material] form which is the sphere of taste?

The tongue, that is to say the sentient organ,1 derived from the four Great Phenomena, included in the self-state, invisible and reacting;

(a) by which tongue, invisible and reacting, one has tasted, tastes, will, or may taste sapids that are invisible and reacting;

(b) against which tongue, invisible and reacting, sapids that are invisible and reacting, have impinged, impinge, will, or may impinge;

(c) which tongue, invisible and reacting, has impinged, impinges, will, or may impinge on sapids that are invisible and reacting;

(d) depending on which tongue, in consequence of a sapid depending on which tongue, and having a sapid as its object, there has arisen, arises, will, or may arise

gustatory contact,

and depending on which tongue, in consequence of a sapid . . . depending on which tongue, and having a sapid as its object, there has arisen, arises, will, or may arise, born of that gustatory contact,

this that is taste, the sphere, the constituent element, the faculty of taste, this that is " the world", etc. [continue as in § 604].

1 This is situated" above the middle of the aggregate gustatory organism, in appearance like the upper side of the leaf of a lotus. (Asl. ibid.) Cf. Hardy, loc. cit. The palate apparently was not included in the gustatory apparatus.

[613-16] What is that [material] form which is the sphere of body[-sensibility] ?

The body, that is to say the sentient organ,1 derived from the four Great Phenomena, included in the self-state, invisible and reacting;

(a) by which body-sensibility, invisible and reacting, one has touched, touches, will, or may touch the tangible that is invisible and reacting;

(b) against which body-sensibility, invisible and reacting, the tangible, which is invisible and reacting, has impinged, impinges, will, or may impinge;

(c) which body-sensibility, invisible and reacting, has impinged, impinges, will, or may impinge on the tangible that is invisible and reacting;

(d) depending on which body-sensibility, in consequence of something tangible . . . depending on which bodysensibility, and having something tangible as its object, there has arisen, arises, will, or may arise

tactile contact,2

1 The sphere of k a yo so runs the comment (Asl. 311)is diffused over the whole bodily form just as oil pervades an entire cotton rag. With the exception of this quality of relatively undifferentiated organ, the sense is co-ordinate with the other senses. To the objection that, if the sensitive surface be indeed so general it would convey confused impressions, it is counterasserted that, if it were not so general, tactile impressions could not be adequately differentiated. Strictly speaking, the bodysense is both everywhere and not everywhere. Not everywhere to the extent of being in things as seen or as tasted. We cannot segregate and analyze sensations as we can grains of sand, and hence qualities are said to coalesce in the object. Nevertheless, each mode of sense conveys its specific messages. Such seems to me the substance of what I have clothed to a slight extent in terms of Western psychology. The Commentary is, of course, tentative and groping, as elsewhere in its theory of sense; yet it must not be forgotten that it was not till about fifty years ago that Ernst Weber's "Der Tastsinn und das Gemeingefühl " appeared, containing the positive results of a comparison of different skin-areas from the standpoint of their varying ability to convey clear or vague tactile impressions.

2 Lit. body-contact.

and depending on which body-sensibility, in consequence of something tangible . . . depending on which body-sensibility, and having something tangible as its object, there has arisen, arises, will, or may arise, born of that tactile contact,

this that is body-sensibility, the sphere, constituent element, faculty of body-sensibility, this that is "the world", etc. [continue as in § 604].

[617] What is that [material] form which is the sphere of [visible] shape?

The [material] form which, derived from the great principles, is visible under the appearance of colour and reacting -is blue,3 yellow, red, white, black,5 crimson, bronze, green-coloured, of the hue of the mango-bud9; is

7

2

1 Lit. cognition of body, so rendered in § 443 seq.

2 Sappaṭigh am, here paraphrased as producing ( j a n a k a m) reaction and impact. Asl. 317.

6

3 Compared to the ummā puppham, or flax-blossom. Cf. my remark on nila m above, under § 246. Here the term is illustrated by an azure flower, such as we ourselves might quote as a type of blue. And yet even here the wide range and indefiniteness of the word find expression. For according to Böthl. and Roth, on the authority of Hemachandra, u ma is applied to night.

4 Like the blossom of Pterospermum acerifolium and Pentapetro phoenicea respectively (ibid.). I give these on Childers' authority. 5 Like the morning star and charcoal respectively (ibid.). Like the reddish buds of the Vitex negundo and kanavīra trees (ibid.).

' Hari, omitted in the text, but given in K. and the Cy. (ibid.). "Whereas, in the verse

Harittacahemavanna m hapakkamā,

kā mam

sumuk

hari is spoken of as golden (suvannam), by its being elsewhere taken in conjunction with coined gold (jātarūpam), it is here meant as dark (s a m a m)" (ibid.). Cf. Jāt. v, 216, sa ma ti suvaņņa

sāmā.

8The colour of green grass (ibid.).

4

long, short, big, little, circular, oval, square, hexagonal, octagonal, hekkaidecagonal; low, high, shady, glowing, light, dim, dull, frosty,2 smoky, dusty; like in colour to the disc of moon,3 sun, stars, a mirror, a gem, a shell, a pearl, a cat's eye,5 gold or silver 7; or whatever other shape there is which, derived from the four Great Phenomena, is visible and reacting shape which, visible and reacting, one has seen, sees, will, or may see with the eye that is invisible and reacting this which is visible shape, this which is the sphere of visible shape, the constituent element of visible shapethis is that form which is the sphere of visible shape.

[618] What is that [material] form which is the sphere of visible shape?

That [material] form which, derived from the Great Phenomena, is visible under the appearance of colour and reacting

9 K. and the Cy. read a m bankura vanṇam.

1 See my Introduction, on "long", "short", as only indirectly objects of sight. "The foregoing seven visibles are set forth without reference to any base (vatthu); the following according to common usage " (ibid.).

2 Paraphrased as cloudy and as him a m-which may be frosty, snowy, or dewy-respectively. As the allusion is only to lustre-contrast, the sparkle of hoar-frost is probably implied.

3 The following terms, says the Cy. (ibid.), illustrate varieties of lustre. A little gratuitous astronomy is then thrown in. The orb of the moon, viz. the mansion of the moon-god, is 49 yojanas in extent, is made of gold, and roofed with silver. That of the sun is 50 yojanas, is made of gold and roofed with crystal. The constellations, the mansions of different gods, are 7, 8, or 10 yojanas in extent, and are made of the seven jewels. Between the moon below and the sun above is 1 yojana. The constellations take two years in their orbit. They and the sun go (sic) swiftly, the moon slowly. At times the moon leads, at times she is behind.

4 Is of bronze (Asl. 318).

5 Is not a gem; is the colour of the bamboo (ibid.).

6"The Master's colour " (ibid.).

7 Under k a hā pa ņ a, i.e. silver coin, m ā s a k a s of copper, wood, and lac are to be included (ibid.). Quoted from Vin. iii, 228.