Brahma, the Creator, the first person in

the Hindu triad, 108.
Brahmanas, The, sacred Sanskrit writings
explanatory of the sacrifices and duties
of the priests, etc., 99.
Brahmans, the priestly caste of Ancient
India, 101; struggle between the
priestly and warrior castes, and ulti-
mate supremacy of the Bráhmans, 102,
104; the four stages of a Brahman's
life, 105, 106; Brahman theology, the
post-Vedic gods, 107, 108; the six
darsanas or Brahman schools of philo-
sophy, 109, 110; Sanskrit grammar
and speech, 110, 111; manuscript
and dictionaries, 111-113; Brahman
astronomy, 113-115; mathematics,
115-118; war, 118, 119; music, 120;
architecture, 120, 121; painting, 121;
law, 121-125; secular literature, the
Epics, 125-131; poetry and the drama,
131-133; novels, beast stories and
fables, 133, 134; the Puránas, 135;
attacks on Brahmanism from the 6th
century B.C. to the 19th century A.D.,
135, 136; the Bráhman caste analyzed,
179, 180.

Brahmaputra, one of the great rivers of
India, 34-36; its course and confluents,
34, 35; silt islands, 35, 36; changes
in course, 36; traffic, 36.
Brass and copper work, 477, 478.
Breweries, 485.

British administration of India, 328-
369. For details, see Table of Con-

tents.

British Burma, its geography, products,
etc., 59.

British India, its twelve Provinces, area,
and population, 60, 61; in 1881, 67.
Buddhism, and life of Gautama Buddha,
137-156. For details, see Table of
Contents.

Buffaloes, 411, 522.
Building-stone, 493.

Burnes, Sir Alexander, Assassination of,
in Kabul (1841), 309.

Cabral's expedition to India (1500 A.D.),
267.

Calcutta founded (1686), 277; capture
of, by Siraj-ud-Daulá the Black
Hole,' 284; recapture by Clive, 284.
Camels, 411.

Campbell, Sir Colin (Lord Clyde), Re-
lief of Lucknow by, 321; campaign in
Oudh, 322.

Canning, Earl, Governor-General of
India (1856-62), 317; the Mutiny of
1857-58, 318-322; downfall of the Com-
pany, 322, 323; India transferred to
the Crown, and the Queen's proclama- |

tion, 323; Lord Canning, the first
Viceroy, 323; financial and legal re-
forms, 324.
Carnelians, 495.

Carpet weaving, 475.

Caste: formation of the four castes, 100,

ΙΟΙ.

Caste system, The, its religious and
social aspects, 178-186.

Catholic Missions, 372-376; origin of
Christianity in India-St. Thomas,
372; Nestorianism, 372; first Catholic
mission (1500 A.D.), 372; Xavier and
the Jesuits, 372, 373; Syrian rite, 373;
Nestorian remnants, 373; early Jesuit
priests, their literary work, 373, 374;
Jesuits suppressed (1759-73), 374;
re-establishment (1814), 374; organ-
ization of Roman Catholic missions,
375; Archbishopric of Goa, 375; dis-
tribution of Roman Catholics, 375;
Verapoly vicariate, 375; Pondicherri
Mission, 376; Catholic colleges, 376;
finances, 376.

Cattle, Breeds of, 411.

Cawnpore, The Mutiny at, 320; massacre
of the garrison, with women and chil-
dren, 320, 321.

Chain armour, Manufacture of, 477.
Chaitanya, Hindu religious reformer
(1485-1527 A.D.), his life and teach-
ings, 204-206.

Chait Sinh, Rájá of Benares, Exactions
of Warren Hastings from, 293.
Chandra Gupta, King of Magadha (316
B.C.), 160, 161.

Changes of river-beds and deserted river
capitals, 49.

Character of the non-Aryan tribes, their
fidelity as soldiers, 86, 87.
Charak-puja or hook-swinging festival,
198, 199.

Chera, ancient Hindu dynasty in Southern
India, 214, 230, 231.
Cherra-Punji, Rainfall at, 29, 30.
Chilianwala, Battle of, 313.

For

Chola, ancient Hindu dynasty in Southern
India, 214, 230, 231.
Christianity in India, 370-379.
details, see Table of Contents.
Chronological table of Muhammadan
conquerors and dynasties (1001-1857
A.D.), 216.

Cinchona cultivation, 402, 403; intro-
duction of the plant, 402; the planta-
tions in Southern India and Dárjíling,
402, 403; statistics of out-turn and
financial results, 403.

Clive struggle with Dupleix in the Kar-
natic, 281; defence of Arcot, 282;
recapture of Calcutta, 284; battle
of Plassey. 285; Clive's jágír, 286;

appointed first Governor of Bengal,
287, 289; his partition of the Gangetic
valley, 289; grant of the diwání of
Bengal, 289; reorganization of the
Company's service, 290.

Coal mining, 487-489; history of Bengal
coal mining, 487; coal in the Central
Provinces, 487, 488; Ráníganj coal-
fields, 488; outlying coal-beds, 488;
its geology, 501, 502.
Coasting trade of India, 459, 460.
Cobalt in Rajputána, 493.

Coffee cultivation, 395-398; its introduc-

tion into India, 395; area under culti-
vation, 397; suitable sites for gardens,
397; processes of preparation, 397, 398;
export of, 453, 454.
Commerce and trade, 438-468.

For

details, see Table of Contents.
Common origin of European and Indian
religions, 90.

Communication, Means of, 432-437. For
details, see Table of Contents.

Coote, Colonel, defeat of Lally at Wande-
wash (1761), 283.

Copper mining, 492, 493.
Cornwallis, Marquis of (1786-93), 294-
296; the Permanent Settlement of
Bengal, 295, 296; second Mysore war,
296; second administration of (1805),
301.

Cotton cultivation and manufacture, 388-

390; the American war, 388; cotton
Districts in India, area under cultiva-
tion and out-turn, 389; imports of
Manchester goods, 448; exports of
raw cotton, 449, 450; export of manu-
factured cotton, 454; decline of cotton
weaving from Manchester competition,
but still a domestic industry, 470, 471;
steam cotton mills, 480-483.

Crops of the Himalayas, 30, 31; of the
river plains and delta, 51-53; of
Southern India, 58; of Burma, 59.
Crushed tribes, 86.
Cutlery manufactures, 477.

Dalhousie, Earl of, Governor-General of
India (1848-56), 312-317; his ad-
ministrative reforms, 313; inauguration
of the Indian railway system and the
Public Works Department, 313; second
Sikh war and annexation of the Pun-
jab, 313, 314; second Burmese war
and annexation of Pegu, 314; his
policy with Native States, 315, 316;
annexation of Oudh, and Lord Dal-
housie's justification of the measure,
316, 317.

Damascened steel work, 477.
Deccan, The, or Southern India, 53-59;
its mountain ranges and elevated table-

land, 54, 55; mountain passes, 55;
rivers, 56, 57; scenery, crops, and
minerals, 57-59.

Decline and fall of the Mughal Empire
(1707-1857), chief events, 254, 255; the
six puppet kings, 255, 256; indepen-
dence of the Deccan and Oudh, 256;
the Marhattá chauth, 256; invasions
of Nádír Sháh the Persian and Ahmad
Sháh the Afghán, 256, 257; misery
of the Provinces, 257; third battle
of Pánipat, 257; fall of the Empire,
257.

Deer, Varieties of, 521.

Delhi, Siege and storm of, 321.
Delta of Bengal, 42-48.

Density of the population, 62, 63; over-
crowded and under-peopled Provinces,
63, 64; population entirely rural, 63;
unequal pressure of the population on
the land, 66.

Diamonds, 494, 495:

Dig, Battle of, and defeat of Holkar,
264.

Districts, Number of, in India, 333.
Diwání, or financial administration of
Bengal granted to the East Indian
Company, 289.

Dongargaon, mart in the Central Pro-
vinces, 467.

Drama, The Indian, 132, 133.

Draupadi, the wife of the five Pándava
brethren in the epic of the Mahábhárata,
126-128.

Dravidians, The, aboriginal races of
Southern India-their languages, 80-
83.

Dupleix, French general and admini-
strator, his struggle in the Karnatic
with Clive, 281, 282.

Dutch, The, in India, 270, 271; their
supremacy in the Eastern seas, brilliant
progress, and decline, 270, 271.

Early Muhammadan rulers, 213-233-
For details, see Table of Contents.
East India Companies (English), 272-
279; first charter, 273; amalgamated
companies, 273; early voyages, 273,
274; defeat of the Portuguese at
Swally, 274; wars with the Dutch,
275, 276 massacre of Amboyna, 276;
early English factories, 276-279; foun-
dation of Calcutta (1686), downfall of
the Company, and transfer of India to
the Crown, 322-324.

Ecclesiastical Department, The, 371.
Educational statistics, 362-368; education
in ancient India, 363; Sanskrit_tols,
363; Calcutta Madrasa, 363; mission
schools, 364; Indian universities, 364,
365; colleges, 365, 366; upper, middle,

and primary schools, 366, 367; girls'
schools, 367, 368; normal and other
special schools, 367.

Elephants, Domestic and wild, 413, 519.
Elgin, Lord, Viceroy of India (1862-63),
324.

Ellenborough, Earl of, Governor-General
of India (1842-44): the Afghán army
of retribution under Generals Nott and
Pollock, 310; Ellenborough's Somnath
proclamation, 310; conquest and an-
nexation of Sind, 310, 311.
Ellichpur, Muhammadan kingdom of
Southern India (1484-1572), 232.
Embroidery work, 474.

Ethnical division of the population, 67,
68.

opium, ganja, tobacco, 349, 350.
Export trade of India, its origin and
growth, 443-447, 451-460.

Famines, 426-531; causes of scarcity and
of real famine, 427; means of husband-
ing the water supply, 427; irrigation
area, 419-426, 428; summary of Indian
famines, 428, 429; the great famine of
1876-78, its causes, 429, 430; famine ex-
penditure, 430; mortality from disease
and starvation, 430, 431; famine a
weak check on population, 431.
Ferdousi, Persian poet and historian in
the days of Mahmud of Ghazní, 219.
Fetish worship in Hinduism, 191.
Filatures. See Silk.

Finances and taxation of India, 351-361;

its obscurities and changes in system
of account, 351, 352; taxation of
British India, 352, 353; taxation under
the Mughals, 352, 354; gross and
net revenue and expenditure of India,
356-361.

Firozshahr, Battle of, 312.

Firuz Tughlak, the third king of the
Tughlak dynasty (1351-88 A.D.), his
great canals and public works, 229.
Fishes, 524, 525.

Flora of India, 526-528.
Foreign trade of India-exports and
imports, 442-459.

Forests of the Himalayas, 30, 416; in
Southern and South-Western India,
57; in Sind and Punjab, 415, 416;
North-Western Provinces, 416; Sun-
darbans, 416; Assam and Burma, 416,
417. Forest conservancy statistics,
417. See also 526-528.

Gautama Buddha, the founder of the
Buddhist religion; his life and
doctrine. See Buddhism, 137-143.
Geographical aspects of India, 25-59.
For details, see Table of Contents.
Geology of India, 496-504. For details,
see Table of Contents.

Ghakkars, a tribe in Rawal Pindi Dis-
trict, 173, 174; their invasions of
India, 222, 224.

Ghats, Eastern, mountain range along

the eastern coast of India, 54, 55.
Ghats, Western, mountain range along
the western coast of India, 54,
55.
Ghiyás-ud-din Tughlak, founder of the
Tughlak dynasty (1320-24 A.D.), 227.
Ghor, Dynasty of, 220-223.
Gingi, Surrender of, 283.
Gipsy clans, 86.

Girls' schools, 367, 368.

Gita Govinda, The, or 'Divine Herds-
man,' the song of Krishna, 134.
Godávari irrigation works, 424.
Goddard, General, his march across
India during the first Marhattá war,
294.

Gonds, aboriginal tribe in the Central
Provinces, 71.

Golconda, Muhammadan kingdom of
Southern India (1512-1688 A.D.),
232.

Gold and gold mining in Southern
India, 491, 492.
Goldsmiths' and jewellers' work, 475-
477.

Gough, Lord: battles of Chilianwála and
Gujrát, 313.

Governors, Governors General, and
Viceroys of India (1757-1881), 287.
Greeks in India, The, 157-165. For
details, see Table of Contents.
Gujrát, Battle of, 313.

Gunny-bags, Exports of, 454.
Gupta, ancient Indian dynasty in
Northern India (319-470 A.D.): their
struggle with and overthrow by an
invasion of Scythians or White Huns,
169, 170.

Gurkhas, War with the (1814-15), 302;
services during the Mutiny, 322.
Gwalari, mountain pass, 29.

Hála Mountains, a southerly offshoot of
the Himalayas, 29.
Hardinge, Lord, Governor-General of
India (1844-48), 311, 212; history
of the Sikhs and of the first Sikh
war battles of Mudki, Firozshahr,
Aliwal, and Sobráon, 311, 312.
Hastings, Marquis of, Governor-General

of India (1814-23), 301-304; war
with Nepál and treaty of Segauli
(1815), 302; Pindári war, 302, 303;
last Marhattá war and annexation of
the Peshwa's Dominions (1818), 303,
304.
Hastings, Warren (1772-85), 290-294;

his administrative reforms, 290; policy
towards native powers, 291; first
Governor-General of India (1774),
291; makes Bengal pay, 291, 292;
sale of Allahábád and Kora to the
Wazir of Oudh (1773), 292; the
Rohilla war, 292; plunder of Chait
Sinh and the Oudh Begam (1780),
293; Hastings' impeachment and
seven years' trial in England, 293;
the excuse for his measures, 293;
first Marhattá war and treaty of Sal-
bái, 293, 294; first war with Mysore
(1780 84), 294.

Havelock, Sir Henry: defeat of the
Cawnpore mutineers, 320; first relief
of Lucknow, 321.

Himálaya Mountains, The, 25-32; the
double wall and trough, 27, 28;
passes and offshoots, 28, 29; water
supply and rainfall, 29, 30; scenery,
vegetation, and products, 30, 31;
animals and tribes, 31, 32; geology,
496-498.

Hinduism, Rise of, 177-212.
tails, see Table of Contents.
Brahmans.

For de-
See also

Hiouen Thsang, Chinese Buddhist pil-
grim, 152-154.

History of British rule, 281-327. For
details, see Table of Contents.
Holkar, family name of the chief of the
Marhattá State of Indore: rise of the
family to power, 263.

Horses, Breeds of, 411, 412; Govern-
ment studs, 412; horse fairs, 413.
Húgli, East India Company's factory
established at (in 1640), 277.
Human sacrifice, 92; among the Kandhs,
78; in Siva worship, 198.
Humáyún, second Mughal King of
Delhi (1530-56), 234; expulsion from
India by his Afghán governor of
Bengal, 235; subsequent recovery of
the throne by the second battle of
Pánipat, 235.

Ibráhím Lodí, Defeat and overthrow of,
by Bábar at the first battle of Panipat
(1526 A.D.), 234.

Imad Shahí, Muhammadan dynasty of
Southern India (1484-1572), 232.
Import trade of India, 447-449.
Indo-Aryan stock, its European and
Eastern branches, 89, 90; their march
towards and into India, religion, etc.,
90, 91.

Indigo, Cultivation of, in different locali-
ties, 391, 392; system of indigo plant-
ing, and out-turn, 392, 393; export of,
453.
Indo-Gangetic plain, Geology of, 498,
499.

Indus, great river of Northern India
and Sind, 32-34; its inundations,

420, 421.

Internal and local trade of India, 463-
468.

Iron mining and smelting, difficulties of
Indian ironworks, 486.-
Ironwork, 477.

Irrigation, irrigated area in different
tracts, and statistics, 419-426.
Ivory carving, 480.

Jagannath, Worship of, 208-211; his
Brahmanical and Buddhist origin, the
Car festival, 208, 209; English calum-
nies against Jagannáth, self-immolation
not practised, 209, 210; bloodless
worship and gentle doctrines, 210,

211.

Jahangir, fourth Mughal Emperor of
India (1605-27 A.D.), 242-244; chief
events of his reign, 243; his Empress
Núr Jahán, 244; personal character,
justice, and religious toleration, 244,
245.

Jail statistics, 362; vital statistics of
Indian prisons, 541, 542.

Jains, the modern representatives of the
Buddhists in India, 155, 156.

Jáipál, Hindu chief of Lahore, his

defeats by Subuktigín and Mahmud of
Ghazní, 217, 218.

Jalál-ud-dín, the first king of the Khilji
dynasty (1290-95 A.D.), 225.

Játs, The, their Scythian origin, 167,
168.

Jayadeva, a celebrated Sanskrit poet,
134.
Jhansi, Native State lapsed to the British
for want of heirs, 316; revolt of the
ex-princess in 1857, 322.
Journalism and newspapers, 368, 369.
Juangs, a leaf-wearing tribe in Orissa,
72.

Jumna, great river of Northern India,
and chief tributary of the Ganges, 38.

Jumna Canal, Eastern, 422.
Jumna Canal, Western, 421.
Jungle products, tasar silk-worm, lac,
etc., 405-407.

Jungle rites in Hinduism, 192.
Jute, Cultivation of, 390, 391; export of
raw jute,, 450, 451; of manufactured
jute, 454, 455; steam jute mills, 483-
485.

Kabir, Vishnuvite religious reformer
(1380-1420), claimed as a saint by
both Hindus and Muhammadans, 194;
his doctrines, 203, 204.

Kaders, aboriginal tribe of the Anamalai
Hills, Madras, 71.

Kálidasa, famous Hindu poet and
dramatist (56 B.C.), 131, 132.
Kanchanjanga, mountain in the Himá
layas, 28.

Kankar or nodular limestone, 494, 503.
Kanishka, Buddhist king in North-
Western India (40 A.D.), his great
council, 147, 148.

Karagola, large trading fair, 468.
Karakoram, pass over the Himalayas
from the Punjab into Eastern Turkis
tan, 28.

Karma, Buddhist doctrine of, 142.
Karnatic, English and French wars in,
281-283.

Kim, East

India Company's
factory established at (1658), 277.
Kásim's expedition and temporary con-
quest of Sind (714 A.D.), 213.
Kauravas, their quarrel and struggle
with the five Pándavas, as related in
the Mahábhárata, 126-128.
Káveri (Cauvery) irrigation works, 424.
Khaibar, mountain pass into Afghánis-
tán from the Punjab, 29.
Kandhs, aboriginal hill tribe of Orissa
and Northern Madras, 76-79; their
patriarchal government, 76; wars and
punishments, 'blood revenge,' 76, 77;
agriculture, 77; marriages by 'cap-
ture,' 77; serfs attached to their
villages, 77, 78; human sacrifices, 78;
the Kandhs under British rule, 78,
79.

Khilji dynasty, The (1290-1320 A.D.),
225-227.

Khusrú Khán, renegade Hindu king of
the Slave dynasty (1316-1320 A.D.),
227.

Koch, an aboriginal tribe in Northern
Bengal, 175.

Kolarians, aboriginal races of Bengal
and Central India, 80-83.
Krishna worship, 207.

Kshattriyás or warrior caste of ancient
India, 100-103.

Kumáríla, a Bráhmanical religious re-
former (750 A.D.), 177, 194.
Kuram, mountain pass into Afghánistán
from the Punjab, 29.

Kutab-ud-dín, the first of the Slave
dynasty, and the first resident Muham-
madan sovereign in India (1206-10
A.D.), 223.

Kutab Shahí, Muhammadan dynasty in
Southern India (1512-1688), 232.

Lac industry, 406, 407; export of, 453.
Lakshman Sen, last independent Hindu

King of Bengal, his overthrow by
Muhammad of Ghor (1203 A.D.), 222.
Lally, Defeat of, at Wandewash by
Coote (1761), 283.

Land settlement, 334-347; ancient land
settlement of India, 334; Musalmán
land tax, 334, 335; the Company's
efforts at land settlement, 335; the
growth of private rights, 335; the Per-
manent Settlement of Bengal (1793),
337, 338; oppression of the cultivators,
338; land reform of 1859, 338, 339;
the Rent Commission (1879), and
further schemes for reform, 339; tem-
porary settlements in Orissa and Assam,
339, 340; Madras ráyatwári settle-
ment, 340-342; survey tenure of Bom-
bay, 343 Southern India Agricul-
turists' Relief Act (1879), 344, 345;
land system of the N.W. Provinces
and the Punjab, 345, 346; the tálukdárs
of Oudh, 346; land system of the
Central Provinces, 346; the land
revenue of India, 346, 347.

Languages of non-Aryan tribes, 79-84,
common origin of European and Aryan
speech, 89, 90.

Laswári, battle-field; defeat of Holkar
at, 264.

Laterite, 503, 504.

Law, Brahmanical codes of, 121-124;
modern Hindu law, 123.

Law, The, of British India, 330, 331.
Lawrence, Lord, Viceroy of India (1864-
1869), 324, 325; famine in Orissa,
324, 325; Bhután war, 324; inquiry
into the status of the Oudh peasantry,
325; the commercial crisis of 1866,
325.

Lawrence, Sir Henry, Resident at Lahore
(1845), 312; Chief Commissioner of
Oudh (1857), death in Lucknow, 321.
Lead, 493.

Leaf-wearing tribe of Orissa, 72.
Leather work, 474, 485.

Leopard, The Indian, 517.
Limestone, 493.

Literature of India, secular, 125-135,
368, 369.