rheumatism (198), secondary syphilis (140 per 1000). In 1876 and 1875, the same causes occupied the first seven places, except that fevers, which do not appear in the 1877 list, stood sixth in 1875, and seventh in 1876. The ratios for the three years under each head were remarkably similar. The following tables show-(1) the health-statistics of the European troops throughout all India, for a series of years; and (2) the sickness, mortality, and invaliding among those troops in 1877, arranged separately under the three Presidencies :

DEATH-RATE AMONG EUROPEAN TROOPS IN INDIA, 1871-1877.

SICKNESS, MORTALITY, AND INVALIDING AMONG EUROPEAN
TROOPS IN THE Three PresidENCIES DURING 1877.

Native

Health of the Native Army.-The sickness and mortality in Health 1877 in the regular Native Armies of Bengal, Madras, and of the Bombay, the Central India Regiments, Punjab Frontier Field Army, Force, and Haidarábád Contingent, are shown by the following figures-average strength of troops (present with regiments), 113,966; admissions into hospital, 1030 per 1000; daily sick, 32; deaths from cholera, 1°53; deaths from all causes, 10‘90,

in Bengal;

in Madras;

in Bombay.

Results in

or, including men dying while absent from their regiments, 13.38 per 1000.

In the Bengal Native Army, the death-rate in 1877 was 10 32 per 1000, a lower ratio than for any one of the previous ten years, during which the average was 13.84. In the Central India Regiments, the death-rate was 971, as against 1110 per 1000, the average of the preceding ten years. In the Punjab Frontier Field Force, the mortality was 12:26 in 1877, compared with 15.88, the average of the ten years preceding. Altogether, the Sanitary Commissioner reports that the health of the Native Army in Bengal was better in 1877 than in any previous year.

In the Madras Native Army, the mortality, including deaths among absentees, was 14:36 per 1000. Of the different parts of the country to which the Madras troops are sent, Southern India showed the least sickness, and British Burma, with the Andamans, the smallest mortality.

In the Bombay Native Army, the death-rate, including deaths among absentees, in 1877 was 12.96 per 1000, varying from 1165 in regiments in the northern Division of Bombay, to 1881 for those in the Konkan. The figures for Madras and Bombay are given very briefly, as the Sanitary Commissioner accepts the returns from those Presidencies with considerable reserve, owing to statistical discrepancies, due to some extent to a want of uniformity in the procedure followed in the three Presidencies. The returns for the Haidarábád Contingent in 1877 were more favourable than those for any other portion of the Native Army. The admissions into hospital were only 806 per 1000; daily sick, 26; and mortality (including deaths among absentees), 9.61 per 1000. The number of deaths from cholera, however (4°43 per 1000), was much above that recorded in any other part of the Native Army.

The sickness and mortality in the Regular Native Armies the three and other forces are compared in the following statement :—

Presi

dencies

compared.

Popula

Health of the Jail Population.-The Report of the Sanitary Health of Commissioner with the Government of India for 1877, from the Jail which all the figures in the above sections are taken, was the tion. first which included the jails of all three Presidencies. 'The year 1877, to which it refers,' says the Sanitary Commissioner, 'is particularly unfortunate for commencing this change, as, owing to famine and distress over great portion of both Madras and Bombay, the number of prisoners in those parts was suddenly increased far beyond all precedent; the new prisoners were, in large proportion, received in a low state of health, consequent on continued privation; the jails having such large and unexpected calls for accommodation on them, were, as a rule, greatly overcrowded, and the sickness and mortality, as was to be expected, have been lamentably in excess of former years.'

The average number of prisoners throughout India in 1877 General is returned at 110,147; admissions into hospital numbered statistics, 1877. 1017 per 1000; daily sick, 36 per 1000; average death-rate, 61.95 per 1000. The months of October and November gave the highest admission rate (97), and the month of November the highest death-rate, 9:18. Dysentery, diarrhoea, and cholera were the main causes of mortality, the three together accounting for 33.61 out of the total of 61.95 per 1000. 'There are no previous figures with which these general results of 1877 can be compared; they deserve attention as the first collection of statistics regarding the sickness and mortality among the prisoners of all India, a collection which cannot fail in a few years to contribute very valuable information.' The returns for

Returns for the

three Presidencies.

the Bengal Presidency were very favourable, the mortality
being 31.88 per 1000, as compared with 37:51 in 1876, 33'65
in 1875, and 46'09, the average for the ten-year period, 1864-73-
In the Madras Presidency, the returns showed a mortality of
17601, while the ratio for the Bombay Presidency was 54°37
per 1000.
The causes of these high figures have already been
indicated. In only 17 of the 34 jails in the Madras Presi-
dency was the death-rate under 100; in the others it varied
much, rising to 200, 300, 500, and in one (Coimbatore Dis-
trict Jail) 657 per 1000. And in Bombay Presidency, where
similar causes were at work, though in a minor degree, the
mortality (5437) was double what it had been for years. The
following table condenses the health statistics of the Indian
jails in 1877-

These, although now under one Local Government, are shown separately for comparison with former years. The favourable results in Oudh are worthy of attention.

It should be remembered that the mortality in the Madras and Bombay jails in 1877 was greatly increased by the reception of starving prisoners during the famine.

APPENDICES.